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Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex baker
BOTANICAL DETAILS OF PLANT
Synonyms
Alpinia sessilis J.Koenig Kaempferia galanga var. galanga Kaempferia galanga var. latifolia (Donn ex Hornem.) Donn Kaempferia humilis Salisb. Kaempferia latifolia Donn ex Hornem. Kaempferia marginata Carey ex Roscoe Kaempferia plantaginifolia Salisb. Kaempferia procumbens Noronha Kaempferia rotunda Blanco
Classification
Kingdom
Plantae
Subkingdom
Superdivision
Embryophyta
Division
Magnoliophyta
Class
Magnoliopsida
Subclass
Order
Zingiberales
Family
Zingiberaceae
Genus
Kaempferia
Species
K. parviflora
Plant Description
Perennial rhizomatous herb. Rhizomes are branched,tuberous.Stem very less or stemless.Leaves fe ,2-5 in number, 5-15X 2-10 cm,leaf blade horizontal on soil, broadly elliptical to suborbicular,to round, smooth at upperside and hairy beneath.Inflorescence inbetween leaves, sessile,4-12 flowered,calyx upto 3 cm long,corolla white,labellum broadly obovate,pale purple market with purple spots.
Habit/Life Form
Herb
DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES IN INDIA
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International Local Names
| # | Country Name | Local Name |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | Shan nai |
| 2 | India | Kacholam |
| 3 | English | Aromatic Ginger |
| 4 | German | Gewürzlilie |
| 5 | Swedish | Kentjur |
| 6 | Srilanka | Inguru piyali |
| 7 | Thailand | Pro lom,wan tin din,wan phaen din yen |
Plant Parts Used
Rhizome, root stock, leaves.
System of Medicine
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Intended Use
Cold, asthma, cough, bronchitis, fever, headache, pains disorders, vertigo, wounds, gastritis, skin diseases, dyspepsia, leprosy, rheumatic diseases, arthritis, joint fractures, the antidote for snake venoms, inflammation, blood vomiting, mouth sores and tongue blisters in infants. skin diseases, rheumatism, inflammatory tumor, nasal obstruction.
Traditional Application
The rhizomes of the plant are widely used in East Asia for a wide range of medicinal applications.
Food (Herb and Spice: In Malaysia, the leaves are chopped finely and added to salads for their flavor. It is used to treat gout. In Bali, the rhizome is pounded and added to various dishes. In Thailand, the rhizome and leaves are added to fish curry.; Fruit & Vegetable: In Thailand, the young leaves are consumed raw with a spicy shrimp paste known as 'Kapi kua'.)
Medicinal (In Malaysian traditional medicine, the rhizome is used to treat a variety of disorders, such as inflammation, sprains, ulcers, high blood pressure, asthma, colds, coughs and sore throats. The rhizome and leaves are pounded and applied as a poultice or lotion) [Others]: The rhizome is also used to make perfumes.
Uses in IORA Countries
| # | Country Name | Uses |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Thailand | In Thailand, the dried rhizome has been used as cardiotonic and CNS stimulant. |
Phytochemical Details
| # | Phytochemical Constituents | PUBCHEM CID | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kaempferol | -- | -- |
| 2 | Kaempferide | -- | -- |
| 3 | 3-Caren-5-one Rhizome | -- | -- |
| 4 | Kaempsulfonic acids Rhizome | -- | -- |
| 5 | Kaemgalangol A Rhizome | -- | -- |
| 6 | Boesenberol I Rhizome | -- | -- |
| 7 | Boesenberol J Rhizome | -- | -- |
| 8 | (.)-Sandaracopimaradiene Rhizome | -- | -- |
| 9 | Sandaracopimaradiene-9á-ol Rhizome | -- | -- |
| 10 | Kaempulchraol I | -- | -- |
| 11 | Kaempulchraol E | -- | -- |
| 12 | 8(14),15-Sandaracopimaradiene-1á,9á-diol | -- | -- |
| 13 | Kaempulchraol L | -- | -- |
| 14 | 2á-Acetoxy sandaracopimaradien-1á-ol | -- | -- |
| 15 | 1,11-Dihydroxypimara-8(14),15-diene | -- | -- |
| 16 | 6â-Hydroxypimara-8(14),15-diene-1-one | -- | -- |
| 17 | Sandaracopimaradien-6â,9á-diol-1-one | -- | -- |
| 18 | Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate | -- | -- |
| 19 | Phaeoheptanoxide | -- | -- |
| 20 | Hedycoropyran B | -- | -- |
| 21 | Trans-p-Hydroxycinnamic acid | -- | -- |
| 22 | Trans-p-Methoxycinnamic acid | -- | -- |
| 23 | p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | -- | -- |
| 24 | p-Methoxybenzoic acid | -- | -- |
Pharmacological Details
| # | PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS/THERAPEUTIC USES | REFERENCES |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Antinociceptive activity | Ridtitid W, Sae-Wong C, Reanmongkol W, Wongnawa M. Antinociceptive activity of the methanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga Linn. in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Jul 23;118(2):225-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.002. Epub 2008 Apr 11. PMID: 18486374. Sulaiman MR, Zakaria ZA, Daud IA, Ng FN, Ng YC, Hidayat MT. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of Kaempferia galanga leaves in animal models. J Nat Med. 2008 Apr;62(2):221-7. doi: 10.1007/s11418-007-0210-3. Epub 2007 Nov 29. PMID: 18404328. Kumar A. Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and uses of traditional medicinal plant Kaempferia galanga L. - An overview. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020 May 10;253:112667. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112667. Epub 2020 Mar 2. PMID: 32061673. |
| 2 | Anticholangiocarcinoma activity | Amuamuta A, Plengsuriyakarn T, Na-Bangchang K. Anticholangiocarcinoma activity and toxicity of the Kaempferia galanga Linn. Rhizome ethanolic extract. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017 Apr 12;17(1):213. doi: 10.1186/s12906-017-1713-4. PMID: 28403856; PMCID: PMC5389435. Tritripmongkol P, Plengsuriyakarn T, Tarasuk M, Na-Bangchang K. In vitro cytotoxic and toxicological activities of ethanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga Linn. and its active component, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, against cholangiocarcinoma. J Integr Med. 2020 Jul;18(4):326-333. doi: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.04.002. Epub 2020 Apr 22. PMID: 32418766. Mahavorasirikul W, Viyanant V, Chaijaroenkul W, Itharat A, Na-Bangchang K. Cytotoxic activity of Thai medicinal plants against human cholangiocarcinoma, laryngeal and hepatocarcinoma cells in vitro. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010 Sep 28;10:55. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-55. PMID: 20920194; PMCID: PMC2956707. |
| 3 | Larvicidal /adulticidal /repellent effect | Kim NJ, Byun SG, Cho JE, Chung K, Ahn YJ. Larvicidal activity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome phenylpropanoids towards three mosquito species. Pest Manag Sci. 2008 Aug;64(8):857-62. doi: 10.1002/ps.1557. PMID: 18324612. Choochote W, Kanjanapothi D, Panthong A, Taesotikul T, Jitpakdi A, Chaithong U, Pitasawat B. Larvicidal, adulticidal and repellent effects of Kaempferia galanga. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1999 Sep;30(3):470-6. PMID: 10774653. Sutthanont N, Choochote W, Tuetun B, Junkum A, Jitpakdi A, Chaithong U, Riyong D, Pitasawat B. Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of edible plant-derived essential oils against the pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Ecol. 2010 Jun;35(1):106-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00036.x. PMID: 20618656. Pitasawat B, Choochote W, Kanjanapothi D, Panthong A, Jitpakdi A, Chaithong U. Screening for larvicidal activity of ten carminative plants. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1998 Sep;29(3):660-2. PMID: 10437975. Choochote W, Kanjanapothi D, Panthong A, Taesotikul T, Jitpakdi A, Chaithong U, Pitasawat B. Larvicidal, adulticidal and repellent effects of Kaempferia galanga. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1999 Sep;30(3):470-6. PMID: 10774653. |
| 4 | Antifungal/Antidendruff effects | Jantan, M.S.I.b., Yassin, M., Chin, C.B., Chen, L.L., Sim, N.L., 2003. Antifungal activity of the essential oils of nine Zingiberaceae species. Pharmaceut. Biol. 41 (5), 392–397. https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.41.5.392.15941 Udomkusonsri, P., Trongvanichnam, K., Klangkaew, M.L.N., Kusucharit, N., 2007. In vitro efficacy of the antifungal activity of some Thai medicinal-plants on the pathogenic fungus, Saprolegnia parasitica H2, from fish. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41, 56–61. Parjo, N.B., Mohamed Zulkifli, R., Md Salleh, M., Tencomnao, T., 2018. Antidandruff potential of Kaempheria galanga ethanolic extracts for hair cream formulation. Jurnal Teknologi 80 (3). https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v80.9998. |
| 5 | Anti-inflammatory activity | Sulaiman MR, Zakaria ZA, Daud IA, Ng FN, Ng YC, Hidayat MT. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of Kaempferia galanga leaves in animal models. J Nat Med. 2008 Apr;62(2):221-7. doi: 10.1007/s11418-007-0210-3. Epub 2007 Nov 29. PMID: 18404328. Umar MI, Asmawi MZ, Sadikun A, Atangwho IJ, Yam MF, Altaf R, Ahmed A. Bioactivity-guided isolation of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, an anti-inflammatory constituent, from Kaempferia galanga L. extracts. Molecules. 2012 Jul 23;17(7):8720-34. doi: 10.3390/molecules17078720. PMID: 22825623; PMCID: PMC6268848. Ghareeb MA, Sobeh M, Rezq S, El-Shazly AM, Mahmoud MF, Wink M. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Profiling of Polyphenolics of a Leaf Extract from Alpinia zerumbet (Zingiberaceae) and Its Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Nociceptive, and Antipyretic Activities In Vivo. Molecules. 2018 Dec 7;23(12):3238. doi: 10.3390/molecules23123238. PMID: 30544575; PMCID: PMC6321235. Jagadish,P.C.,Latha,K.P.,Mudgal,J.,Nampurath,G.R.,2016.Extraction,character-izationandevaluationofKaempferiagalangaL (Zingiberaceae)rhizomeextractsagainstacuteandchronicinflammationinrats.J.Ethnopharmacol.194,434–439.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.010. Vittalrao, A.M., Shanbhag, T., Kumari, K.M., Bairy, K.L., Shenoy, S., 2011. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga in rats. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 55 (1), 13–24. |
| 6 | Amebicidal activity | Chu, D.M., Miles, H., Toney, D., Chi, N.Y., Cabral, F.M., 1998. Amebicidal activity of plant extracts from Southeast Asia on Acanthamoeba spp. Parasitol. Res. 84 (9), 746–752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004360050480. |
| 7 | Anticancer activity | Kosuge T, Yokota M, Sugiyama K, Saito M, Iwata Y, Nakura M, Yamamoto T. Studies on anticancer principles in Chinese medicines. II. Cytotoxic principles in Biota orientalis (L.) Endl. and Kaempferia galanga L. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1985 Dec;33(12):5565-7. doi: 10.1248/cpb.33.5565. PMID: 3833396. Gunasekaran S, Venkatachalam K, Namasivayam N. Anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of p-methoxycinnamic acid, an active phenylpropanoid, against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2019 Jan;451(1-2):117-129. doi: 10.1007/s11010-018-3398-5. Epub 2018 Jul 6. PMID: 29980883. Ichwan, S.J.A., Atiyah Husin, A., Suriyah, W.H., Lestari, W., Omar, M.N., Kasmuri, A.R., 2019. Anti-neoplastic potential of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate of Kaempferia galanga on oral cancer cell lines. Mater. Today: Proceedings 16, 2115–2121 Liu, B., Liu, F., Chen, C., Gao, H., 2010. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of ethyl pmethoxycinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome and its apoptotic induction in human HepG2 cells. Nat. Prod. Res. 24 (20), 1927–1932. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2010.490913. Ningombam, S., Takehiro, T., Abdelsamed, E., Mahmoud, A.A.I., Elamir, H.M., Singh, B., Midori, C.S., Hiroshi, I., Masaaki, N., Akemi, U., 2018. Kaemgalangol A: unusual seco-isopimarane diterpenoid from aromatic ginger Kaempferia galanga. Fitoterapia 129, 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2018.06.010. Ali, H., Yesmin, R., Satter, A., Habib, R., Yeasmin, T., 2018. Antioxidant and antineoplastic activities of methanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga Linn. rhizome against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 30 (3), 386–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2017.05.009. Kosuge, T., Yokota, M., Sugiyama, K., Saito, M., Iwata, Y., Nakura, M., Yamamoto, T.,1985. Studies on anti-cancer principles in Chinese medicines. II. Cytotoxic principles in Biota orientalis (L.) Endl. and Kaempferia galanga L. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33 (12), 5565–5567. Mackeen, M.M., Ali, A.M., El-Sharkawy, S.H., Manap, M.Y., Salleh, K.M., Lajis, N.H., Kawazu, K., 1997. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of some Malaysian traditional vegetables (Ulam). Int. J. Pharmacogn. 35 (3), 174–178. https://doi.org/10. 1076/phbi.35.3.174.13294 Zaeoung, S., Plubrukarn, A., Keawpradub, N., 2005. Cytotoxic and free radical scavenging activities of Zingiberaceous rhizomes. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 27 (4), 799–812 Sirisangtragul, W., Sripanidkulchai, B., 2011. Effects of Kaempferia galanga L. and ethylp- methoxycinnamate (EPMC) on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450s enzyme activities in mice. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 33 (4), 411–417. Amuamuta, A., Plengsuriyakarn, T., Bangchang, K.N., 2017. Anti-cholangiocarcinoma activity and toxicity of the Kaempferia galanga Linn. Rhizome ethanolic extract. BMC Compl. Alternative Med. 17 (2017), 213. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017- 1713-4. Yang X, Ji H, Feng Y, Yu J, Liu A. Structural Characterization and Antitumor Activity of Polysaccharides from Kaempferia galanga L. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Dec 30;2018:9579262. doi: 10.1155/2018/9579262. PMID: 30693068; PMCID: PMC6332924. Xue Y, Chen H. Study on the anti-carcinogenic effect of three compounds of Kaempferia galanga L. Xei Shen Yan Jiu, 2002; 31(4):247–248, 251. |
| 8 | Hypolipidemic effects | Achuthan, C.R., Padikkala, J., 1997. Hypolipidemic effect of Alpinia galanga (Rasna) and Kaempferia galanga (Kachoori). Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 12 (1), 55–58. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF02867956. |
| 9 | Osteolysis | Jiao, Z., Xu, W., Zheng, J., Shen, P., Qin, A., Zhang, S., Yang, C., 2017. Kaempferide prevents titanium particle-induced osteolysis by suppressing JNK activation during osteoclast formation. Sci. Rep. 7, 16665. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16853-w. |
| 10 | Sedative effects | Huang L, Yagura T, Chen S. Sedative activity of hexane extract of Keampferia galanga L. and its active compounds. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Oct 30;120(1):123-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.045. Epub 2008 Aug 8. PMID: 18761077. |
| 11 | Hypopigmentary effects | Ko HJ, Kim HJ, Kim SY, Yun HY, Baek KJ, Kwon NS, Wan Kyun Whang, Choi HR, Park KC, Kim DS. Hypopigmentary effects of ethyl P-methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga. Phytother Res. 2014 Feb;28(2):274-9. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4995. Epub 2013 Apr 23. PMID: 23610003. |
| 12 | Cardioprotective | Liu Y, Gao L, Guo S, Liu Y, Zhao X, Li R, Yan X, Li Y, Wang S, Niu X, Yao L, Zhang Y, Li L, Yang H. Kaempferol Alleviates Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction and Interstitial Fibrosis in Mice. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017;43(6):2253-2263. doi: 10.1159/000484304. Epub 2017 Oct 27. PMID: 29073623. |
| 13 | Vasorelaxant effects | R Othman, H Ibrahim, MA Mohd, MR Mustafa, K Awang Phytomedicine 13 (1-2), 61-66 |
Marketed Products
| # | AVALAIBLE PRODUCTS | MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS | URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SVA Organics Myrrh Essential Oil Organic | SVA ORGANICS | Open Url |
| 2 | Herb Pharm Myrrh Immune support | Herb Pharm | Open Url |
| 3 | Oraganic Myrrh pure Essential Oil | Aura Cacia | Open Url |
| 4 | Kokum, Myrrh & Hazelnut Hand & Foot Cream | Juicy Chemistry | Open Url |
| 5 | Bava Sutra Capsule | Basic Ayurveda | Open Url |
| 6 | Dhootapapeshwar Bolbaddha Rasa | Shree Dhootapapeshwar Ltd | Open Url |
| 7 | Dehlvi Naturals Regulate Capsule | Dehlvi Naturals | Open Url |
| 8 | Madren Healthcare V-Tone Capsule | Madren Healthcare LLP | Open Url |
| 9 | Jark Pharma Sandhan Lep | Jark Pharma Pvt. Ltd. | Open Url |
Other Polyherbal Formulations
| # | POLYHERBAL FORMULATIONS | CITATIONS ON POLYHERBAL FORMULATIONS (PROPERTIES & ACTIVITIES) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mirazid : Fathy FM. Effect of mirazid (Commiphora molmol) on experimental giardiasis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2011 Apr;41(1):155-77. PMID: 21634251. | |
| 2 | Phytoproflex®:Belcaro G, Dugall M, Luzzi R, Hosoi M, Ledda A, Feragalli B, Hu S, Ganguly A, Eggenhoffner R, Corti A, Giacomelli L. Phytoproflex®: supplementary management of osteoarthrosis: a supplement registry. Minerva Med. 2018 Apr;109(2):88-94. doi: 10.23736/S0026-4806.17.05460-X. PMID: 29534559. | |
| 3 | Merfluan |
Market Overview
Global End Use Market
Pharmaceutical, Cosmetics & Personal Care, Food & Beverages
Available Global Market
Kenya, Oman, Somalia,Northern America , Latin America , France Germany,Spain, Ethiopia,China and Saudi Arabia.
Global Manufacturer Extract
-
Distribution in IORA Countries
Bangladesh,Myanmar,SriLanka,Thailand,Indonesia,Malaysia,SouthAfrica,India
Trade Data
Source Supply
Evergreen forest, deciduous
Trade Name
Galanga/Cekur
Annual Consumption (in MT)
-
Adulterant/Substitute
CULTIVARS AND VARIETIES
‘Kasthuri’ and ‘Rajani’, two high yielding varieties with rich flavour have been developed through clonal selection by Kerala Agricultural University. The rhizomes of ‘Kasthuri’ are large and light brown with a yield of 2.52 tonnes of dry rhizomes per hectare with a driage of 32.78%. It has high volatile oil content and total extractive of 3.4%. The rhizomes of ‘Rajani’ are medium bold, creamy white and yields 2.55 tonnes of dry rhizomes per hectare with a volatile content of 1% with high total extractives of 7.68% (Thankappan Suvarna Preetha, Achuthan Sudarsanan Hemanthakumar and Peringatulli Narayanan Krishnan,A comprehensive review of Kaempferia galanga L.(Zingiberaceae): A high sought medicinal plant in Tropical Asia, Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2016; 4(3): 270-276) Jor Lab K-1( Mohan Lal, Sunita Munda, Sukriti Dutta, Joyashree Baruah & Sudin Kumar Pandey (2017) Identification of the New High Oil and Rhizome Yielding Variety of Kaempferia galanga (Jor Lab K-1): A Highly Important Indigenous Medicinal Plants of North East India, Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 20:5, 1275-1282, DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2017.1400405 )