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Melaleuca alternifoila
BOTANICAL DETAILS OF PLANT
Synonyms
Melaleuca linariifolia var. alternifolia Maiden & Betche
Kew Herbarium Links
Classification
Kingdom
Plantae
Subkingdom
Viridiplantae
Superdivision
Embryophyta
Division
Tracheophyta
Class
Magnoliopsida
Subclass
Order
Myrtales
Family
Myrtaceae
Genus
Melaleuca
Species
M. alternifolia
Plant Description
Tall shrub or small tree up to 7 m high, papery bark. Leaves highly aromatic, in different arrangement from scattered to whorled, linear, 10–35 mmX 1 mm, apex acute, glabrous; petiole c. 1 mm long.Inflorescences many-flowered spikes 3–5 cm long. Flowers, many flowered spikes, solitary within each bract, white. Petals broad to elliptic, 2–3 mm. Stamens 30–60 / bundle; claw 6–12 mm long; style 3–4 mm long.Fruit cup-shaped, 2–3 mm diam.
Habit/Life Form
A tall shrub or small tree
DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES IN INDIA
Distribution mainly at streams and on swampy flats, on the coast and adjacent ranges; north from Grafton district, New South Wales, Queensland (Lismore,woolgoogla,Tabulam,Casino,J ennings,Stanthorpe)
AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS
| # | Soil and Climate | Temperature (°C) | Average Annual Rainfall (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Melaleuca alternifolia prefers well-drained and moist soil and long day sunlight.Plants are drought-tolerant and can fire tolerant. pH - 4.5 - 7 | 17-29 | 1,000 - 1,600 |
Plant Parts Used
leaves/oil distilled from the leaves.
System of Medicine
-
Intended Use
Rheumatism, swelling, inflammation, skin disorders, STI, acne, athlete's foot, ear infections, insect bites/stings, lice, local antiseptic, onychomycosis, ringworm, scabies, impetigo, psoriasis, dandruff, vaginitis, thrush and skin surface infections.
Traditional Application
Since a long time, Tea tree oil has been used traditionally as a topical antiseptic, antibacterial and antifungal treatment.
1) Herb is highly effective in rheumatism, swellings, in wounds and sores (Cock, I. E., Winnett, V., Sirdaarta, J., & Matthews, B. (2015). The potential of selected Australian medicinal plants with anti-Proteus activity for the treatment and prevention of rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacognosy magazine, 11(Suppl 1), S190–S208. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.157734).
2)Australian Aborigines uses the crushed leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia externally to treat skin infections.
3)Tea tree oil shows promising effects on bacterial, fungal and viral infections.
4)Tea tree oil is also used for treating conditions like athlete's foot, warts, acne and vaginal infections ad for general respiratory problems, such as asthma and bronchitis.
5) Oil is incorporated into cosmetics for aromatherapy.
6) It is useful for treating stings, burns, wounds and skin infections of all kinds.
7) Distilled oil exhibit expectorant property. Infusion of tea tree leaves are used to treat sore throats, coughs and colds. 9) 8) Oil is highly effective against a broad range of bacterial and fungal infections.
9) Tea tree oil is highly effective in suppressing allergic contact dermatitis.
10) Aromatherapy with tea tree oil is beneficial for bronchial congestion, and pulmonary inflammation illness.
11)Applying tea tree oil topically on skin on a regular basis can cure fungal toenail infection
Uses in IORA Countries
| # | Country Name | Uses |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sudan | In Sudan, poultice made from leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia is used to lower fever. (MANAR ADAM, ABDEL AZIM AHMED , AHMED YAGI, SAKINA YAGI,Ethnobotanical investigation on medicinal plants used against human ailments in Erkowit and Sinkat areas, Eastern Sudan,B I O D I V E R S I T A S, Volume 21, Number 7, July 2020 Pages: 3255-3262) |
Phytochemical Details
| # | Phytochemical Constituents | PUBCHEM CID | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Terpinen-4-ol | 11230 | Joseph J. Brophy, Noel W. Davies, Ian A. Southwell, Ian A. Stiff, and Lyall R. Williams, Gas chromatographic quality control for oil of Melaleuca terpinen-4-ol type (Australian tea tree),Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1989 37 (5), 1330-1335 DOI: 10.1021/jf00089a027 Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Effects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil and the major monoterpene component terpinen-4-ol on the development of single- and multistep antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Feb;56(2):909-15. doi: 10.1128/AAC.05741-11. Epub 2011 Nov 14. PMID: 22083482; PMCID: PMC3264233. Calcabrini A, Stringaro A, Toccacieli L, Meschini S, Marra M, Colone M, Salvatore G, Mondello F, Arancia G, Molinari A. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil inhibits the in vitro growth of human melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 Feb;122(2):349-60. doi: 10.1046/j.0022-202X.2004.22236.x. PMID: 15009716. Hart, P., Brand, C., Carson, C. et al. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Inflamm. res. 49, 619–626 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s000110050639 K.A. Hammer, C.F. Carson, T.V. Riley, J.B. Nielsen, A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 44, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 616-625, ISSN 0278-6915, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.09.001. Nakayama K, Murata S, Ito H, Iwasaki K, Villareal MO, Zheng YW, Matsui H, Isoda H, Ohkohchi N. Terpinen-4-ol inhibits colorectal cancer growth via reactive oxygen species. Oncol Lett. 2017 Aug;14(2):2015-2024. doi: 10.3892/ol.2017.6370. Epub 2017 Jun 12. PMID: 28781645; PMCID: PMC5530226. Russell MF, Southwell IA. Monoterpenoid accumulation in 1,8-cineole, terpinolene and terpinen-4-ol chemotypes of Melaleuca alternifolia seedlings. Phytochemistry. 2003 Mar;62(5):683-9. doi: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00607-6. PMID: 12620320. Calcabrini A, Stringaro A, Toccacieli L, Meschini S, Marra M, Colone M, Salvatore G, Mondello F, Arancia G, Molinari A. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil inhibits the in vitro growth of human melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 Feb;122(2):349-60. doi: 10.1046/j.0022-202X.2004.22236.x. PMID: 15009716. Mondello, F., De Bernardis, F., Girolamo, A. et al. In vivo activity of terpinen-4-ol, the main bioactive component of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel (tea tree) oil against azole-susceptible and -resistant human pathogenic Candida species. BMC Infect Dis 6, 158 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-6-158 Noumi E, Merghni A, M Alreshidi M, Haddad O, Akmadar G, De Martino L, Mastouri M, Ceylan O, Snoussi M, Al-Sieni A, De Feo V. Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1: Models for Evaluating Anti-Quorum Sensing Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil and Its Main Component Terpinen-4-ol. Molecules. 2018 Oct 17;23(10):2672. doi: 10.3390/molecules23102672. PMID: 30336602; PMCID: PMC6222492. |
| 2 | Alpha-Terpinene | 7462 | de Groot AC, Schmidt E. Tea tree oil: contact allergy and chemical composition. Contact Dermatitis. 2016 Sep;75(3):129-43. doi: 10.1111/cod.12591. Epub 2016 May 13. PMID: 27173437. Baldissera MD, Grando TH, Souza CF, Gressler LT, Stefani LM, da Silva AS, Monteiro SG. In vitro and in vivo action of terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, and α-terpinene against Trypanosoma evansi. Exp Parasitol. 2016 Mar;162:43-8. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.01.004. Epub 2016 Jan 8. PMID: 26773165. Hart, P., Brand, C., Carson, C. et al. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Inflamm. res. 49, 619–626 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s000110050639 |
| 3 | γ-Terpinene | 7461 | Baldissera MD, Grando TH, Souza CF, Gressler LT, Stefani LM, da Silva AS, Monteiro SG. In vitro and in vivo action of terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, and α-terpinene against Trypanosoma evansi. Exp Parasitol. 2016 Mar;162:43-8. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.01.004. Epub 2016 Jan 8. PMID: 26773165. Hart, P., Brand, C., Carson, C. et al. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Inflamm. res. 49, 619–626 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s000110050639 |
| 4 | 1,8-Cineole | 2758 | Pazyar N, Yaghoobi R, Bagherani N, Kazerouni A. A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology. Int J Dermatol. 2013 Jul;52(7):784-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05654.x. Epub 2012 Sep 24. PMID: 22998411. Dillmann JB, Cossetin LF, de Giacometi M, Oliveira D, de Matos AFIM, Avrella PD, Garlet QI, Heinzmann BM, Monteiro SG. Adulticidal Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) Essential Oil With High 1,8-Cineole Content Against Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae). J Econ Entomol. 2020 Aug 13;113(4):1810-1815. doi: 10.1093/jee/toaa117. PMID: 32516369. Russell MF, Southwell IA. Monoterpenoid accumulation in 1,8-cineole, terpinolene and terpinen-4-ol chemotypes of Melaleuca alternifolia seedlings. Phytochemistry. 2003 Mar;62(5):683-9. doi: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00607-6. PMID: 12620320. Southwell IA, Maddox CD, Zalucki MP. Metabolism of 1,8-cineole in tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia andM. linariifolia) by pyrgo beetle (Paropsisterna tigrina). J Chem Ecol. 1995 Apr;21(4):439-53. doi: 10.1007/BF02036741. PMID: 24234175. Hart, P., Brand, C., Carson, C. et al. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Inflamm. res. 49, 619–626 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s000110050639 |
| 5 | Terpinolene | 11463 | Russell MF, Southwell IA. Monoterpenoid accumulation in 1,8-cineole, terpinolene and terpinen-4-ol chemotypes of Melaleuca alternifolia seedlings. Phytochemistry. 2003 Mar;62(5):683-9. doi: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00607-6. PMID: 12620320. Hammer, K., Carson, C. and Riley, T. (2003), Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95: 853-860. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02059.x K.A. Hammer, C.F. Carson, T.V. Riley, J.B. Nielsen, A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 44, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 616-625, ISSN 0278-6915, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.09.001. |
| 6 | ρ-Cymene | 7463 | Carson CF, Riley TV. Antimicrobial activity of the major components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. J Appl Bacteriol. 1995 Mar;78(3):264-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb05025.x. PMID: 7730203. Hammer, K., Carson, C. and Riley, T. (2003), Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95: 853-860. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02059.x Hart, P., Brand, C., Carson, C. et al. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Inflamm. res. 49, 619–626 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s000110050639 |
| 7 | α -Pinene | 6654 | Garozzo, A., Timpanaro, R., Bisignano, B., Furneri, P., Bisignano, G. and Castro, A. (2009), In vitro antiviral activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 49: 806-808. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02740.x Hammer, K., Carson, C. and Riley, T. (2003), Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95: 853-860. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02059.x Hart, P., Brand, C., Carson, C. et al. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Inflamm. res. 49, 619–626 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s000110050639 |
| 8 | α -Terpineol | 17100 | Garozzo, A., Timpanaro, R., Bisignano, B., Furneri, P., Bisignano, G. and Castro, A. (2009), In vitro antiviral activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 49: 806-808. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02740.x Hammer, K., Carson, C. and Riley, T. (2003), Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95: 853-860. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02059.x Hart, P., Brand, C., Carson, C. et al. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Inflamm. res. 49, 619–626 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s000110050639 K.A. Hammer, C.F. Carson, T.V. Riley, J.B. Nielsen, A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 44, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 616-625, ISSN 0278-6915, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.09.001. |
| 9 | Aromadendrene | 91354 | Hammer, K., Carson, C. and Riley, T. (2003), Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95: 853-860. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02059.x Hart, P., Brand, C., Carson, C. et al. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Inflamm. res. 49, 619–626 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s000110050639 K.A. Hammer, C.F. Carson, T.V. Riley, J.B. Nielsen, A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 44, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 616-625, ISSN 0278-6915, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.09.001. |
| 10 | δ -Cadinene | 12306054 | Hart, P., Brand, C., Carson, C. et al. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Inflamm. res. 49, 619–626 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s000110050639 K.A. Hammer, C.F. Carson, T.V. Riley, J.B. Nielsen, A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 44, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 616-625, ISSN 0278-6915, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.09.001. |
| 11 | Limonene | 22311 | K.A. Hammer, C.F. Carson, T.V. Riley, J.B. Nielsen, A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 44, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 616-625, ISSN 0278-6915, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.09.001. |
| 12 | Sabinene | 18818 | K.A. Hammer, C.F. Carson, T.V. Riley, J.B. Nielsen, A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 44, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 616-625, ISSN 0278-6915, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.09.001. |
Pharmacological Details
| # | PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS/THERAPEUTIC USES | REFERENCES |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Athlete's foot infection | Tong MM, Altman PM, Barnetson RS. Tea tree oil in the treatment of tinea pedis. Australas J Dermatol. 1992;33(3):145-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.1992.tb00103.x. PMID: 1303075. Satchell, Andrew & Saurajen, Anne & Bell, Craig & Barnetson, Ross. (2002). Treatment of interdigital tinea pedis with 25% and 50% tea tree oil solution: A randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study. The Australasian journal of dermatology. 43. 175-8. 10.1046/j.1440-0960.2002.00590.x. |
| 2 | West Nile virus infection | Pliego Zamora A, Edmonds JH, Reynolds MJ, Khromykh AA, Ralph SJ. The in vitro and in vivo antiviral properties of combined monoterpene alcohols against West Nile virus infection. Virology. 2016 Aug; 495:18-32. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.021. Epub 2016 May 3. PMID: 27152479. |
| 3 | Antibacterial activity | Elmi A, Ventrella D, Barone F, Carnevali G, Filippini G, Pisi A, Benvenuti S, Scozzoli M, Bacci ML. In Vitro Effects of Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Alternifolia Essential Oil) and its Principal Component Terpinen-4-ol on Swine Spermatozoa. Molecules. 2019 Mar 19;24(6):1071. doi: 10.3390/molecules24061071. PMID: 30893764; PMCID: PMC6471158. Lim EL, Hammer KA. Adaptation to NaCl Reduces the Susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis to Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil. Curr Microbiol. 2015 Oct;71(4):429-33. doi: 10.1007/s00284-015-0871-1. Epub 2015 Jul 10. PMID: 26159776. Raman, A., U. Weir, and S. F. Bloomfield. 1995. Antimicrobial effects of tea-tree oil and its major components on Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 21:242-245 Intorasoot A, Chornchoem P, Sookkhee S, Intorasoot S. Bactericidal activity of herbal volatile oil extracts against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2017 Apr 21;6(2):218-222. doi: 10.5455/jice.20170411091159. PMID: 28512603; PMCID: PMC5429082. Shapiro, S., A. Meier, and B. Guggenheim. 1994. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and essential oil components towards oral bacteria. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 9:202-208. Christoph, F., P. M. Kaulfers, and E. Stahl-Biskup. 2000. A comparative study of the in vitro antimicrobial activity of tea tree oils s.l. with special reference to the activity of β-triketones. Planta Med. 66:556-560. Carson, C. F., and T. V. Riley. 1994. Susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 19:24-25 Nelson, R. R. S. 1997. In-vitro activities of five plant essential oils against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40:305-306 Griffin, S. G., J. L. Markham, and D. N. Leach. 2000. An agar dilution method for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils. J. Essent. Oil Res. 12:249-255 Gustafson, J. E., Y. C. Liew, S. Chew, J. Markham, H. C. Bell, S. G. Wyllie, and J. R. Warmington. 1998. Effects of tea tree oil on Escherichia coli. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26:194-198. Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 1999. In vitro susceptibilities of lactobacilli and organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:196. Oliva A, Costantini S, De Angelis M, Garzoli S, Božović M, Mascellino MT, Vullo V, Ragno R. High Potency of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil against Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules. 2018 Oct 9;23(10):2584. doi: 10.3390/molecules23102584. PMID: 30304862; PMCID: PMC6222846. Comin VM, Lopes LQ, Quatrin PM, de Souza ME, Bonez PC, Pintos FG, Raffin RP, Vaucher Rde A, Martinez DS, Santos RC. Influence of Melaleuca alternifolia oil nanoparticles on aspects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Microb Pathog. 2016 Apr;93:120-5. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.01.019. Epub 2016 Jan 25. PMID: 26821356 . Souza CF, Baldissera MD, Guarda NS, Bollick YS, Moresco RN, Brusque ICM, Santos RCV, Baldisserotto B. Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil nanoparticles ameliorate the hepatic antioxidant/oxidant status of silver catfish experimentally infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microb Pathog. 2017 Jul;108:61-65. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.05.016. Epub 2017 May 6. PMID: 28487227. Carson, C. F., K. A. Hammer, and T. V. Riley. 1996. In-vitro activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia against Streptococcus spp. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 37:1177-1178 Meroni G, Cardin E, Rendina C, Herrera Millar VR, Soares Filipe JF, Martino PA. In Vitro Efficacy of Essential Oils from Melaleuca Alternifolia and Rosmarinus Officinalis, Manuka Honey-based Gel, and Propolis as Antibacterial Agents Against Canine Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius Strains. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020 Jun 19;9(6):344. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9060344. PMID: 32575376; PMCID: PMC7345844. Catalán A, Pacheco JG, Martínez A, Mondaca MA. In vitro and in vivo activity of Melaleuca alternifolia mixed with tissue conditioner on Candida albicans. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008 Mar;105(3):327-32. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.08.025. PMID: 18280967. |
| 4 | Peridontal diseases | Casarin M, Pazinatto J, Santos RCV, Zanatta FB. Melaleuca alternifolia and its application against dental plaque and periodontal diseases: A systematic review. Phytother Res. 2018 Feb;32(2):230-242. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5974. Epub 2017 Dec 12. PMID: 29235165. Hammer, K. A., L. Dry, M. Johnson, E. M. Michalak, C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2003. Susceptibility of oral bacteria to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 18:389-392. Tardugno R, Pellati F, Iseppi R, Bondi M, Bruzzesi G, Benvenuti S. Phytochemical composition and in vitro screening of the antimicrobial activity of essential oils on oral pathogenic bacteria. Nat Prod Res. 2018 Mar;32(5):544-551. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1329730. Epub 2017 May 17. PMID: 28514868. |
| 5 | Antidermatitis activity/Equine Streptothricosis | Pazyar N, Yaghoobi R, Bagherani N, Kazerouni A. A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology. Int J Dermatol. 2013 Jul;52(7):784-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05654.x. Epub 2012 Sep 24. PMID: 22998411. de Groot AC, Schmidt E. Tea tree oil: contact allergy and chemical composition. Contact Dermatitis. 2016 Sep;75(3):129-43. doi: 10.1111/cod.12591. Epub 2016 May 13. PMID: 27173437. Crawford GH, Sciacca JR, James WD. Tea tree oil: cutaneous effects of the extracted oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. Dermatitis. 2004 Jun;15(2):59-66. doi: 10.2310/6620.2004.04003. PMID: 15473330. Frye CC, Bei D, Parman JE, Jones J, Houlihan AJ, Rumore A. Efficacy of Tea Tree Oil in the Treatment of Equine Streptothricosis. J Equine Vet Sci. 2019 Aug;79:79-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.011. Epub 2019 May 16. PMID: 31405506. Knight TE, Hausen BM. Melaleuca oil (tea tree oil) dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994 Mar;30(3):423-7. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(94)70050-8. PMID: 8113455. |
| 6 | Antiprotozoal Activity | Mikus, J., M. Harkenthal, D. Steverding, and J. Reichling. 2000. In vitro effect of essential oils and isolated mono- and sesquiterpenes on Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei. Planta Med. 66:366-368 Peña, E. F. 1962. Melaleuca alternifolia oil—its use for trichomonal vaginitis and other vaginal infections. Obstet. Gynecol. 19:793-795 Viollon, C., D. Mandin, and J. P. Chaumont. 1996. Activités antagonistes, in vitro, de quelques huiles essentielles et de composés naturels volatils vis á vis de la croissance de Trichomonas vaginalis. Fitoterapia 67:279-281 |
| 7 | Anti-candida activity | Felipe LO, Júnior WFDS, Araújo KC, Fabrino DL. Lactoferrin, chitosan and Melaleuca alternifolia-natural products that show promise in candidiasis treatment. Braz J Microbiol. 2018 Apr-Jun;49(2):212-219. doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.05.008. Epub 2017 Nov 11. PMID: 29132828; PMCID: PMC5913821. Catalán A, Pacheco JG, Martínez A, Mondaca MA. In vitro and in vivo activity of Melaleuca alternifolia mixed with tissue conditioner on Candida albicans. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008 Mar;105(3):327-32. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.08.025. PMID: 18280967. Vankadara SK, Hallikerimath RB, Patil V, Bhat K, Doddamani MH. Effect of Melaleuca alternifolia Mixed with Tissue Conditioners in Varying Doses on Colonization and Inhibition of Candida albicans: An In Vitro Study. Contemp Clin Dent. 2017 Jul-Sep;8(3):446-450. doi: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_542_17. PMID: 29042733; PMCID: PMC5644005 . Felipe LO, Júnior WFDS, Araújo KC, Fabrino DL. Lactoferrin, chitosan and Melaleuca alternifolia-natural products that show promise in candidiasis treatment. Braz J Microbiol. 2018 Apr-Jun;49(2):212-219. doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.05.008. Epub 2017 Nov 11. PMID: 29132828; PMCID: PMC5913821. Mertas A, Garbusińska A, Szliszka E, Jureczko A, Kowalska M, Król W. The influence of tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) on fluconazole activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:590470. doi: 10.1155/2015/590470. Epub 2015 Feb 4. PMID: 25722982; PMCID: PMC4334616. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antifungal effects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and its components on Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004 Jun;53(6):1081-5. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh243. Epub 2004 May 12. PMID: 15140856. Nikolić MM, Jovanović KK, Marković TL, Marković DL, Gligorijević NN, Radulović SS, Kostić M, Glamočlija JM, Soković MD. Antimicrobial synergism and cytotoxic properties of Citrus limon L., Piper nigrum L. and Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel essential oils. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Nov;69(11):1606-1614. doi: 10.1111/jphp.12792. Epub 2017 Aug 17. PMID: 28815601. Sudjana AN, Carson CF, Carson KC, Riley TV, Hammer KA. Candida albicans adhesion to human epithelial cells and polystyrene and formation of biofilm is reduced by sub-inhibitory Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil. Med Mycol. 2012 Nov;50(8):863-70. doi: 10.3109/13693786.2012.683540. Epub 2012 May 15. PMID: 22587732. Ergin A, Arikan S. Comparison of microdilution and disc diffusion methods in assessing the in vitro activity of fluconazole and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against vaginal Candida isolates. J Chemother. 2002 Oct;14(5):465-72. doi: 10.1179/joc.2002.14.5.465. PMID: 12462426 Banes-Marshall L, Cawley P, Phillips CA. In vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against bacterial and Candida spp. isolates from clinical specimens. Br J Biomed Sci. 2001;58(3):139-45. PMID: 11575735. Ninomiya K, Maruyama N, Inoue S, Ishibashi H, Takizawa T, Oshima H, Abe S. The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) and its main component, terpinen-4-ol protect mice from experimental oral candidiasis. Biol Pharm Bull. 2012;35(6):861-5. doi: 10.1248/bpb.35.861. PMID: 22687476. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil inhibits germ tube formation by Candida albicans. Med Mycol. 2000 Oct;38(5):355-62. PMID: 11092382. Tullio V, Roana J, Scalas D, Mandras N. Enhanced Killing of Candida krusei by Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes in the Presence of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Melaleuca alternifolia and "Mentha of Pancalieri" Essential Oils. Molecules. 2019 Oct 23;24(21):3824. doi: 10.3390/molecules24213824. PMID: 31652809; PMCID: PMC6864523. Souza ME, Lopes LQ, Bonez PC, Gündel A, Martinez DS, Sagrillo MR, Giongo JL, Vaucher RA, Raffin RP, Boligon AA, Santos RC. Melaleuca alternifolia nanoparticles against Candida species biofilms. Microb Pathog. 2017 Mar;104:125-132. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.023. Epub 2017 Jan 13. PMID: 28089949. Pankhurst CL. Candidiasis (oropharyngeal). BMJ Clin Evid. 2013 Nov 8;2013:1304. PMID: 24209593; PMCID: PMC3821534. de Campos Rasteiro VM, da Costa AC, Araújo CF, de Barros PP, Rossoni RD, Anbinder AL, Jorge AO, Junqueira JC. Essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia for the treatment of oral candidiasis induced in an immunosuppressed mouse model. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014 Dec 15;14:489. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-489. PMID: 25510285; PMCID: PMC4301879. Li WR, Li HL, Shi QS, Sun TL, Xie XB, Song B, Huang XM. The dynamics and mechanism of the antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil against bacteria and fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016 Oct;100(20):8865-75. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7692-4. Epub 2016 Jul 7. Erratum in: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017 Mar;101(5):2201. PMID: 27388769. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Influence of organic matter, cations and surfactants on the antimicrobial activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro. J Appl Microbiol. 1999 Mar;86(3):446-52. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00684.x. PMID: 10196749. |
| 8 | Antifungal activity | Concha JM, Moore LS, Holloway WJ. 1998 William J. Stickel Bronze Award. Antifungal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea-tree) oil against various pathogenic organisms. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1998 Oct;88(10):489-92. doi: 10.7547/87507315-88-10-489. PMID: 9791953. Oliva B, Piccirilli E, Ceddia T, Pontieri E, Aureli P, Ferrini AM. Antimycotic activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and its major components. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2003;37(2):185-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01375.x. PMID: 12859665. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. J Appl Microbiol. 2003;95(4):853-60. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02059.x. PMID: 12969301. Kokoska L, Kloucek P, Leuner O, Novy P. Plant-Derived Products as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents in Human Health Care. Curr Med Chem. 2019;26(29):5501-5541. doi: 10.2174/0929867325666180831144344. PMID: 30182844. Kokoska L, Kloucek P, Leuner O, Novy P. Plant-Derived Products as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents in Human Health Care. Curr Med Chem. 2019;26(29):5501-5541. doi: 10.2174/0929867325666180831144344. PMID: 30182844. Sharma S, Hegde V. Comparative evaluation of antifungal activity of melaleuca oil and fluconazole when incorporated in tissue conditioner: an in vitro study. J Prosthodont. 2014 Jul;23(5):367-73. doi: 10.1111/jopr.12117. Epub 2014 Jan 6. PMID: 24393097. Nenoff P, Haustein UF, Brandt W. Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) against pathogenic fungi in vitro. Skin Pharmacol. 1996;9(6):388-94. doi: 10.1159/000211450. PMID: 9055360. Lis-Balchin M, Hart SL, Deans SG. Pharmacological and antimicrobial studies on different tea-tree oils (Melaleuca alternifolia, Leptospermum scoparium or Manuka and Kunzea ericoides or Kanuka), originating in Australia and New Zealand. Phytother Res. 2000 Dec;14(8):623-9. doi: 10.1002/1099-1573(200012)14:8<623::aid-ptr763>3.0.co;2-z. PMID: 11114000. Rogawansamy S, Gaskin S, Taylor M, Pisaniello D. An evaluation of antifungal agents for the treatment of fungal contamination in indoor air environments. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Jun 2;12(6):6319-32. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120606319. PMID: 26042369; PMCID: PMC4483703. |
| 9 | Wound healing activity | Labib RM, Ayoub IM, Michel HE, Mehanny M, Kamil V, Hany M, Magdy M, Moataz A, Maged B, Mohamed A. Appraisal on the wound healing potential of Melaleuca alternifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil-loaded chitosan topical preparations. PLoS One. 2019 Sep 16;14(9):e0219561. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219561. PMID: 31525200; PMCID: PMC6746351. de Assis KMA, da Silva Leite JM, de Melo DF, Borges JC, Santana LMB, Dos Reis MML, Moreira VM, da Rocha WRV, Catão RMR, Dos Santos SG, da Silva Portela A, de Sousa Silva SM, de Oliveira TKB, de Souza da Silveira JW, Pires EG, Nonaka CFW, Sanches FAC, de Lima Damasceno BPG. Bicontinuous microemulsions containing Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil as a therapeutic agent for cutaneous wound healing. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2020 Dec;10(6):1748-1763. doi: 10.1007/s13346-020-00850-0. Epub 2020 Sep 13. PMID: 32924099. Chin KB, Cordell B. The effect of tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) on wound healing using a dressing model. J Altern Complement Med. 2013 Dec;19(12):942-5. doi: 10.1089/acm.2012.0787. Epub 2013 Jul 13. PMID: 23848210. Edmondson M, Newall N, Carville K, Smith J, Riley TV, Carson CF. Uncontrolled, open-label, pilot study of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil solution in the decolonisation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus positive wounds and its influence on wound healing. Int Wound J. 2011 Aug;8(4):375-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2011.00801.x. Epub 2011 May 12. PMID: 21564552. Jandera V, Hudson DA, de Wet PM, Innes PM, Rode H. Cooling the burn wound: evaluation of different modalites. Burns. 2000 May;26(3):265-70. doi: 10.1016/s0305-4179(99)00133-3. PMID: 10741593. |
| 10 | Antiviral activity | Garozzo A, Timpanaro R, Bisignano B, Furneri PM, Bisignano G, Castro A. In vitro antiviral activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2009 Dec;49(6):806-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02740.x. Epub 2009 Sep 18. PMID: 19843207. Garozzo A, Timpanaro R, Stivala A, Bisignano G, Castro A. Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Influenza virus A/PR/8: study on the mechanism of action. Antiviral Res. 2011 Jan;89(1):83-8. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.11.010. Epub 2010 Nov 21. PMID: 21095205. Schnitzler, P., K. Schön, and J. Reichling. 2001. Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture. Pharmazie 56:343-347. Minami, M., M. Kita, T. Nakaya, T. Yamamoto, H. Kuriyama, and J. Imanishi. 2003. The inhibitory effect of essential oils on herpes simplex virus type-1 replication in vitro. Microbiol. Immunol. 47:681-684. |
| 11 | Anti-inflammatory activity | Hart, P. H., C. Brand, C. F. Carson, T. V. Riley, R. H. Prager, and J. J. Finlay-Jones. 2000. Terpinen-4-ol, the main component of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), suppresses inflammatory mediator production by activated human monocytes. Inflamm. Res. 49:619-626. Caldefie-Chézet, F., M. Guerry, J. C. Chalchat, C. Fusillier, M. P. Vasson, and J. Guillot. 2004. Anti-inflammatory effects of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil on human polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes. Free Rad. Res. 38:805-811 Albouchi F, Avola R, Dico GML, Calabrese V, Graziano ACE, Abderrabba M, Cardile V. Melaleuca styphelioides Sm. Polyphenols Modulate Interferon Gamma/Histamine-Induced Inflammation in Human NCTC 2544 Keratinocytes. Molecules. 2018 Oct 2;23(10):2526. doi: 10.3390/molecules23102526. PMID: 30279388; PMCID: PMC6222365. |
Marketed Products
| # | AVALAIBLE PRODUCTS | MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS | URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tea Tree Special Shampoo | Tea tree/John Paul Mitchell | Open Url |
| 2 | Tea Tree Essential Oil | Maple Holistics | Open Url |
| 3 | Tea Tree Essential Oil | Sun Essential Oils | Open Url |
| 4 | Cliganic Organic Tea Tree Essential Oil | Cliganic | Open Url |
| 5 | Acne Patches with Tea Tree Oil & Salicylic Acid | AENO ACNE TREATMENT INC | Open Url |
| 6 | The Body Shop Tea Tree Anti-Imperfection Daily Solution | The Body Shop | Open Url |
| 7 | Pedifix Tea Tree Ultimates Funga Soap | Pedifix | Open Url |
| 8 | Advanced Clinicals Tea Tree Oil | Advanced Clinicals | Open Url |
| 9 | AmLactin Rapid Relief | AmLactin Rapid Relief | Open Url |
| 10 | Thursday Plantation Tea Tree Medicated Gel for Acne | Thursday Plantation | Open Url |
| 11 | Bosisto's Tea Tree Oil | Bosisto's | Open Url |
| 12 | Redwin Tea Tree Shampoo | Redwin | Open Url |
| 13 | Bubbly Belle Tea Tree Essential Oil | Bubbly Belle | Open Url |
| 14 | Natto Organic Tea Tree Oil 15ml | Naturally Australian Tea Tree Oil Pty Ltd(NATTO) | Open Url |
| 15 | Australian Tea Tree Essential Oil | Juicy Chemistry | Open Url |
Market Overview
Global End Use Market
FMCG ,Cosmetics,Pharmaceutical
Available Global Market
Australia
Global Manufacturer Extract
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Distribution in IORA Countries
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Trade Data
Source Supply
Along streams and on swampy flats, on the coast and adjacent ranges.
Trade Name
Australian Tea Tree oil,Melaleuca Oil, Oil of Melaleuca
Annual Consumption (in MT)
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