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Acorus calamus L.
BOTANICAL DETAILS OF PLANT
Synonyms
Acorus calamus var. americanus Raf. Acorus calamus var. angustatus Besser Acorus calamus var. angustifolius (Schott) Engl. Acorus calamus var. belangeri (Schott) Engl. Acorus calamus var. calamus Acorus calamus var. spurius (Schott) Engl. Acorus calamus f. submersa Glück Acorus calamus var. verus L.
Kew Herbarium Links
Classification
Kingdom
Plantae
Subkingdom
--
Superdivision
--
Division
-
Class
Acorales
Subclass
-
Order
Acorales
Family
Acoraceae
Genus
Acorus
Species
A. calamus
Plant Description
Semiaquatic herb, rhizome creeping, stout, 4-20 × 0.5-3 cm, aromatic. Leaves several, narrow, green, often reddish at base, linear to ensiform, up to 1.5 mt. tall and 1-1.5 cm wide,apex acuminate: midrib prominent on both sides. Inflorescence -a terminal spadix borne on a peduncle and subtended by a long, linear spathe., Spathe greenish, leaflike, 15-45 cm, acute. Spadix straight tor slightly curved, erect, 5-10 × 0.5-1.5 cm, densely flowered. Flowers yellowish green, up to 2 mm; tepals oblong, 3 × 1.2; filaments oblong, 2 X 0.5 mm, anthers cream-colored, berries densely packed, oblong-obovoid, 1- to few seeded.
Habit/Life Form
Herb
DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES IN INDIA
Assam, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Kerala (Kottayam, Alappuzha, Idukki, Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Thrissur, Ernakulam,), Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Manipur, the Naga Hills and Sikkim.
AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS
| # | Soil and Climate | Temperature (°C) | Average Annual Rainfall (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Prefers, growing in shallow water or in a very moist loamy soil. Can grow in sandy loams and light alluvial soils of river banks.Requires a sunny position. pH - 5.5 to 7.5 | 10 -38 | 70 -250 |
Local Names
| # | Language Name | Local Name |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Telugu | Vadaja, vasu |
| 2 | Tibetan | Su dag |
| 3 | Urdu | Bach, bacha, waj-e-turki |
| 4 | Malayalam | Vaembu, vashampa |
| 5 | Gujarati | Ghoduvaj, Ghodvach |
| 6 | Hindi | Bach, Gora-bach |
| 7 | Kannada | Baje, Narru Berua |
| 8 | Punjabi | Varch, Ghodavaca |
| 9 | Tamil | Vasambu, Pillai maruntho |
International Local Names
| # | Country Name | Local Name |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Indonesia | Dringu |
| 2 | English | Sweet cane; sweetflag |
| 3 | Spanish | Acoro |
| 4 | French | Acore vrai; Roseau aromatique |
| 5 | Portuguese | Calamo-aromatico |
| 6 | Italy | Acoro aromatico |
| 7 | Netherlands | Kalmoes |
| 8 | Sweden | Kalmus |
Plant Parts Used
Rhizome or the Root.
System of Medicine
Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Folk, Homeopathy, Chinese
Intended Use
Appetite loss, bronchitis, chest pain, colic, cramps, diarrhea, digestive disorders, flatulence, gas, indigestion, nervous disorders, rheumatism, chronic diarrhea, dysentery, bronchial catarrh, intermittent fevers, tympanites, colic, otitis media, cough, asthma, and glandular and abdominal tumors, dyspepsia, kidney and liver troubles, rheumatism, chizophrenia, psychoneurosis, insomnia, hysteria, wounds injuries, lotion, obesity, fair skin, hemorrhage, ,dyspepsia, hair loss, parasitic worms, epilepsy and loss of memory and eczema.
Traditional Application
1- In Jammu and Kashmir local residents of Kishtwar range uses rhizomes of herb for stomach disorders, bronchitis and remittent fever. Fresh rhizome is inhaled in common cold as anti-allergic. (Kumar, Mahesh; Paul, Yash; and Anand, V. K. (2009) "An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants used by the Locals in Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir, India," Ethnobotanical Leaflets: Vol. 2009: Iss. 10 Article 5. Available at: https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2009/iss10/5).
2-Tribal Communities of Gokand Valley, District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan uses fresh rhizome decoction to cure Menstrual cycle disorders and dyspepsia (Sulaiman, Shah, S., Khan, S., Bussmann, R. W., Ali, M., Hussain, D., & Hussain, W. (2020). Quantitative Ethnobotanical Study of Indigenous Knowledge on Medicinal Plants Used by the Tribal Communities of Gokand Valley, District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 9(8), 1001. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9081001)
3- Useful in improving speech in stammering and other speech disorders. (Sandeep B. Rajput, Madan B. Tonge, S. Mohan Karuppayil,An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species,Phytomedicine,Volume 21, Issue 3,2014, Pages 268-276, ISSN 0944-7113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020).
4-Vacha in combination with milk and water is useful treating urinary disorders (Bangasen Bangasen (1st ed.), Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bharati, India (1984).
5- Acorus calamus helps stomachs disorders and headaches associated with weak digestion. In kidney and liver troubles, rheumatism, and eczema.
6-The decoction/ powder of rhizome has been given in various pediatric aliments like cough, fever, abdominal pain, epilepsy etc, (S. Ignacimuthu, M. Ayyanar, S. Sivaraman Ethnobotanical investigations among tribes in Madurai District of Tamil Nadu (India) Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2 (2006), p. 25).
7-The rhizomes are used in various pharmaceutical products i.e., in balms, enemas, and pills and also in ghee preparations (K.R. Kirtikar, B.D. Basu Indian Medicinal Plants (4th ed.), Mahendra Pal Sing Publishers, India (1987).
8- In hemorrhoids, fumes of rhizome are given directly to pile masses to reduce swelling and pain. In non-bleeding hemorrhoids Poltice (Lukeworm) of vacha and Antheum sowa (Shatapushpa) are applied.
9-Rhizome paste mixed with mustard seeds paste is useful in hydrocele.
10-In earache and tinnitus, rhizome juice is poured in ear.
11-The decoction of Vacha and Nimba (Azadirecta indica) is given for emesis in cardiac disease (Sandeep B. Rajput, Madan B. Tonge, S. Mohan Karuppayil, An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species, Phytomedicine, Volume 21, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 268-276, ISSN 0944-7113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711313004078).
12-Powdered rhizome is used to treat sore eyes, anorexia, and abdominal and chest congestion.
13-In Tibet, dried sweet flag, mixed with Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel., Zingiber officinale Rose., Cuminum cyminum L., Terminalia chebula Retz, Inula racemosa Hook., and Saussurea lappa C.B. Clark, is used to cure choleric diarrhoea, chronic fever, heaviness of the stomach.
14-The rhizome pieces are tied around the belly to cure jaundice. Residentsof Tirumala hills uses the rhizomes for the treatment of dental disorders.
15-Herb is used as a protection against smallpox (Jain SP (1989): Tribal remedies from Saranda Forest Bihar, India-I. Intl J Crude Drug Res 27: 29–32) and ringworm (Bajpai A, Ojha JK, Sant HR (1995): Medicobotany of the Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int J Pharmacog 33: 172–176).
16-Root bark is considered as an antidote to snakebite (Singh KK, Prakash A (1994): Indigenous phytotherapy among the Gond tribes of Uttar Pradesh, India. Ethnobotany 6: 37–41.)
17-The rhizome is used as an emetic (Srivastava TN, Rajasekharan S, Badola DP, Shah DC (1986): An index of the available medicinal plants used in Indian system of medicine from Jammu and Kashmir state. Ancient Sci Life 6: 49–63.) and to use to kill lice (Megoneitso Rao RR (1983): Ethnobotanical studies in Nagaland–4. Sixty-two medicinal plants used by the Angami-Nagas. J Econ Tax Bot 4: 167–172).
Uses in IORA Countries
| # | Country Name | Uses |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bangladesh | In Bangladesh- Locally known as Lung-hi by Tripura tribe of Bangladesh, the herb is high in demand and used to treat Fever with convulsions, burning sensations, indigestion, pneumonia, cough and mucus.The recipe is- 1. Five leaves of the acorus, 5 leaves of shor-ochala (Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl), 1” root of lung-hi ( Acorus calamus L.), 1” root of cheba-lang, 8-10 leaves of tulshi (Ocimum gratissimum L.) are taken together, dried and made into tablets the size of bean seeds. Two tablets |
| 2 | South Africa | In South Africa Bark of Warburgia salutaris + Cassine transvaalensis + rhizome of Acorus calamus in combination is taken orally to treat cold sores and shingles (U. Mabona, S.F. Van Vuuren, Southern African medicinal plants used to treat skin diseases, South African Journal of Botany, Volume 87, 2013, Pages 175-193, ISSN 0254-6299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.04.002). |
| 3 | Indonesia | In Indonesia - Pounded leaves of Acorus calamus (locally known as Dringu ) is used to cure Fever (Jadid N, Kurniawan E, Himayani CES, Andriyani, Prasetyowati I, Purwani KI, et al. (2020) An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Tengger tribe in Ngadisari village, Indonesia. PLoS ONE 15(7): e0235886. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235886). |
| 4 | Thailand | In Thailand- Rhizome is taken for blood purification and as an antipyretic (Mokkhasamit , M., W. Ngarmwathana, K. Sawasdimongkol and U. Permphiphat . 1971. Pharmacological evaluation of Thai medicinal plants. (Continued) . J. Med. Ass . Thailand 54(7):490 - 504.) |
Phytochemical Details
| # | Phytochemical Constituents | PUBCHEM CID | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | (α)-asarone | 636822 | Mikami M, Takuya O, Yoshino Y, Nakamura S, Ito K, Kojima H, Takahashi T, Iddamalgoda A, Inoue S, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Acorus calamus extract and its component α-asarone attenuate murine hippocampal neuronal cell death induced by l-glutamate and tunicamycin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2021 Feb 24;85(3):493-501. doi: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa071. PMID: 33589895. Zhang K, Liu Q, Luo L, Feng X, Hu Q, Fan X, Mao S. Neuroprotective Effect of Alpha-asarone on the Rats Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Stroke via Ameliorating Glial Activation and Autophagy. Neuroscience. 2021 Oct 1;473:130-141. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.006. Epub 2021 Aug 17. PMID: 34416342. Hanson KM, Gayton-Ely M, Holland LA, Zehr PS, Söderberg BC. Rapid assessment of beta-asarone content of Acorus calamus by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis. 2005 Feb;26(4-5):943-6. doi: 10.1002/elps.200410165. PMID: 15714542. Sundaramahalingam M, Ramasundaram S, Rathinasamy SD, Natarajan RP, Somasundaram T. Role of Acorus calamus and alpha-asarone on hippocampal dependent memory in noise stress exposed rats. Pak J Biol Sci. 2013 Aug 15;16(16):770-8. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.770.778. PMID: 24498829. Uebel T, Hermes L, Haupenthal S, Müller L, Esselen M. α-Asarone, β-asarone, and γ-asarone: Current status of toxicological evaluation. J Appl Toxicol. 2021 Aug;41(8):1166-1179. doi: 10.1002/jat.4112. Epub 2020 Nov 25. PMID: 33236787. Jo MJ, Kumar H, Joshi HP, Choi H, Ko WK, Kim JM, Hwang SSS, Park SY, Sohn S, Bello AB, Kim KT, Lee SH, Zeng X, Han I. Oral Administration of α-Asarone Promotes Functional Recovery in Rats With Spinal Cord Injury. Front Pharmacol. 2018 May 7;9:445. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00445. Erratum in: Front Pharmacol. 2018 Aug 30;9:949. PMID: 29867457; PMCID: PMC5949368. Hermes L, Römermann J, Cramer B, Esselen M. Quantitative Analysis of β-Asarone Derivatives in Acorus calamus and Herbal Food Products by HPLC-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem. 2021 Jan 20;69(2):776-782. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05513. Epub 2021 Jan 7. PMID: 33410326. Das BK, Swamy AV, Koti BC, Gadad PC. Experimental evidence for use of Acorus calamus (asarone) for cancer chemoprevention. Heliyon. 2019 May 8;5(5):e01585. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01585. PMID: 31193009; PMCID: PMC6513775. Das BK, Swamy AV, Koti BC, Gadad PC. Experimental evidence for use of Acorus calamus (asarone) for cancer chemoprevention. Heliyon. 2019 May 8;5(5):e01585. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01585. PMID: 31193009; PMCID: PMC6513775. Chellian R, Pandy V, Mohamed Z. Pharmacology and toxicology of α- and β-Asarone: A review of preclinical evidence. Phytomedicine. 2017 Aug 15;32:41-58. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.04.003. Epub 2017 Apr 11. PMID: 28732807. Bai Y, Sun Y, Xie J, Li B, Bai Y, Zhang D, Liang J, Xiao C, Zhong A, Cao Y, Zheng X. The asarone-derived phenylpropanoids from the rhizome of Acorus calamus var. angustatus Besser. Phytochemistry. 2020 Feb;170:112212. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112212. Epub 2019 Nov 27. PMID: 31785552. Pandit S, Mukherjee PK, Ponnusankar S, Venkatesh M, Srikanth N. Metabolism mediated interaction of α-asarone and Acorus calamus with CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Fitoterapia. 2011 Apr;82(3):369-74. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.11.009. Epub 2010 Nov 6. PMID: 21062640. Bai XM, Liu T, Liu DL, Wei YJ. Simultaneous determination of α-asarone and β-asarone in Acorus tatarinowii using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence coupled with chemometrics methods. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2018 Feb 15;191:195-202. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.10.011. Epub 2017 Oct 3. PMID: 29032344. Björnstad K, Helander A, Hultén P, Beck O. Bioanalytical investigation of asarone in connection with Acorus calamus oil intoxications. J Anal Toxicol. 2009 Nov-Dec;33(9):604-9. doi: 10.1093/jat/33.9.604. PMID: 20040135. Zhong S, Zhang K, Shen L, Jin X, Chen R, Shen W. Iron (III)-mediated degradation of α-asarone and characterization of its major degradation products by UPLC-MS/MS and NMR. Pharmazie. 2021 Dec 5;76(12):588-593. doi: 10.1691/ph.2021.1124. PMID: 34986954. |
| 2 | (β)-asarone | 5281758 | Qi H. Proteomic analysis of beta-asarone induced cytotoxicity in human glioblastoma U251 cells. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2015;115:292–299 Li L. β-Asarone induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of human glioma U251 cells via suppression of HnRNP A2/B1-mediated pathway in vitro and in vivo. Molecules. 2018;23(5):E1072. Wang N. β-Asarone promotes Temozolomide's entry into glioma cells and decreases the expression of P-glycoprotein and MDR1. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017;90:368–374 Wang N. β-asarone inhibited cell growth and promoted autophagy via P53/Bcl-2/Bclin-1 and P53/AMPK/mTOR pathways in human glioma U251 cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 2018;233(3):2434–2443. Zou X. Beta-asarone induces LoVo colon cancer cell apoptosis by up-regulation of caspases through a mitochondrial pathway in vitro and in vivo. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2012;13(10):5291–5298. Liu L. β-Asarone induces senescence in colorectal cancer cells by inducing lamin B1 expression. Phytomedicine. 2013;20(6):512–520. Meng X. Reversing P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in vitro by α-asarone and β-asarone, bioactive cis-trans isomers from Acorus tatarinowii. Biotechnol. Lett. 2014;36(4):685–691. Wu J. β-Asarone inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation. Oncol. Rep. 2015;34(6):3043–3050. Shenvi S. Nitro derivatives of naturally occurring β-Asarone and their anticancer activity. Int. J. Med. Chem. 2014;2014:835485. Koca H.B. Effects of Acorus calamus plant extract on prostate cancer cell culture. Anatolian J. Bot. 2018;2(1):46–51. |
| 3 | Z-isoelemicin | 5318557 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 Bisht D, Pal A, Chanotiya CS, Mishra D, Pandey KN. Terpenoid composition and antifungal activity of three commercially important essential oils against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. Nat Prod Res. 2011 Dec;25(20):1993-8. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2010.521926. Epub 2011 Jun 27. PMID: 21707253. |
| 4 | Bornyl acetate | 6448 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 Zhang Y, Long Y, Yu S, Li D, Yang M, Guan Y, Zhang D, Wan J, Liu S, Shi A, Li N, Peng W. Natural volatile oils derived from herbal medicines: A promising therapy way for treating depressive disorder. Pharmacol Res. 2021 Feb;164:105376. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105376. Epub 2020 Dec 11. PMID: 33316383. |
| 5 | Limonene | 22311 | |
| 6 | Trans-β ocimene | 5281553 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 Türkan, Fikret & Atalar, Mehmet. (2018). Identification of chemical components from the Rhizomes of Acorus Calamus L. with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS\MS). 181-184. 8. 10.21597/jist.433743. |
| 7 | Linalool | 6549 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 Radusiene, Jolita & Judzentiene, Asta & Pečiulytė, Dalė & Janulis, Valdimaras. (2007). Essential oil composition and antimicrobial assay of Acorus calamus leaves from different wild populations. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization. 5. 37 - 44. 10.1017/S1479262107390928. Raina, V.K., Srivastava, S.K. and Syamasunder, K.V. (2003), Essential oil composition of Acorus calamus L. from the lower region of the Himalayas. Flavour Fragr. J., 18: 18-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1136 Parki A, Chaubey P, Prakash O, Kumar R, Pant AK. Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines. 2017; 4(4):81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 8 | Shyobunone | 5321293 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 Khwairakpam, Amrita Devi, Damayenti, Yengkhom Devi, Deka, Anindita, Monisha, Javadi, Roy, Nand Kishor, Padmavathi, Ganesan and Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B.. |
| 9 | α-copaene | 70678558 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 Bruno Marongiu, Alessandra Piras, Silvia Porcedda, and Andrea Scorciapino,Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil and Supercritical CO2 Extract of Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and of Acorus calamus L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005 53 (20), 7939-7943 DOI: 10.1021/jf051100x |
| 10 | β elemene | 6918391 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 Bruno Marongiu, Alessandra Piras, Silvia Porcedda, and Andrea Scorciapino,Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil and Supercritical CO2 Extract of Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and of Acorus calamus L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005 53 (20), 7939-7943 DOI: 10.1021/jf051100x Rahamooz Haghighi, S., Asadi, M. H., Akrami, H., & Baghizadeh, A. (2017). Anti-carcinogenic and anti-angiogenic properties of the extracts of Acorus calamus on gastric cancer cells. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 7(2), 145–156. |
| 11 | Aristolene | 530421 | |
| 12 | (E)- caryophyllene | 5281515 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 Radušienė, J., Judžentienė, A., Pečiulytė, D., & Janulis, V. (2007). Essential oil composition and antimicrobial assay of Acorus calamus leaves from different wild populations. Plant Genetic Resources, 5(1), 37-44. doi:10.1017/S1479262107390928 |
| 13 | Calarene | 28481 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 14 | α-humulene | 24798693 | |
| 15 | α-muurolene | 12306047 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 A. M. Abd-ElGawad, A. I. Elshamy, A. El-Nasser El Gendy, S. L. Al-Rowaily, A. M. Assaeed, C&B 2019, 16, e1900278. |
| 16 | Germacrene D | 6436582 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 Petras R. Venskutonis & Audrone Dagilyte (2003) Composition of Essential Oil of Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus L.) Leaves at Different Growing Phases, Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15:5, 313-318, DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2003.9698598 Rima Kumari, S.B. Agrawal, Suruchi Singh, N.K. Dubey, Supplemental ultraviolet-B induced changes in essential oil composition and total phenolics of Acorus calamus L. (sweet flag), Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 72, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 2013-2019, ISSN 0147-6513, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.02.006. |
| 17 | Z-methyl isoeugenol | 1549045 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 18 | Viridiflorene | 6453144 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 19 | Dehydroxy-isocalamendiol | 535379 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 20 | δ-cadinene | 441005 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 21 | α-calacorene | 12302243 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 Morang, Mahendra & Campus, A & Tu, & Biratnagar, Nepal & Khanal, Sumnath & Bhandari, Devi & Bhandari, Laxman & Dangol, Sabita & Adhikari, Achyut. (2020). Chemical profiling and antioxidant activities of essential oil from the rhizomes of Acorus calamus L. 2382-5340. Khanal, S., Bhandari, D. P., Bhandari, L., & Adhikari, A. (2020). Chemical profiling and antioxidant activities of essential oil from rhizomes of Acorus calamus L. BIBECHANA, 17, 89–95. https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v17i0.25201 |
| 22 | α-elemol | 6429032 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 23 | α-elemol | 6429032 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 24 | β-calacorene | 529621 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 25 | Elemicin | 10248 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 26 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1742210 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 27 | Spathulenol | 92231 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 28 | Asaronaldehyde | 20525 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 29 | Z-isoelemicin | 5851118 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 30 | Palmitic acid | 985 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 31 | Phytol | 5280435 | Parki, A., Chaubey, P., Prakash, O., Kumar, R., & Pant, A. K. (2017). Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(4), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081 |
| 32 | a-Pinene | 6654 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 33 | Sabinene | 18818 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 34 | Eugenyl acetate | 7136 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 35 | Eugenol | 3314 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 36 | Isoeugenol | 853433 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 37 | Methyl eugenol | 7127 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 38 | Azulene | 9231 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 39 | Euasarone | 636750 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 40 | Zingiberene | 92776 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 41 | α-Gurjunene | 15560276 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 42 | Valencene | 9855795 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 43 | Acorenone | 12480741 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 44 | Asaronaldehyde | 134985711 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 45 | Isocalamendiol | 12302240 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 46 | Acorone | 5316254 | Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
Pharmacological Details
| # | PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS/THERAPEUTIC USES | REFERENCES |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anticancer | Rahamooz Haghighi S, Asadi MH, Akrami H, Baghizadeh A. Anti-carcinogenic and anti-angiogenic properties of the extracts of Acorus calamus on gastric cancer cells. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2017 Mar-Apr;7(2):145-156. PMID: 28348970; PMCID: PMC5355820. Sharma V, Singh I, Chaudhary P. Acorus calamus (The Healing Plant): a review on its medicinal potential, micropropagation and conservation. Nat Prod Res. 2014;28(18):1454-66. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2014.915827. Epub 2014 May 13. PMID: 24824923. Hu BY, Ji YY. [Research on the anticarcinogenic activation of Acorus calcamus. Anticarcinogenic activation of alpha-asarone on human carcinoma cells]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1986 Aug;6(8):480-3, 454. Chinese. PMID: 2947719. Das BK, Swamy AV, Koti BC, Gadad PC. Experimental evidence for use of Acorus calamus (asarone) for cancer chemoprevention. Heliyon. 2019 May 8;5(5): e01585. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon. 2019.e01585. PMID: 31193009; PMCID: PMC6513775. Nakkala JR, Mata R, Raja K, Khub Chandra V, Sadras SR. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles: Catalytic dye degradation, in vitro anticancer activity and in vivo toxicity in rats. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2018 Oct 1; 91:372-381. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.048. Epub 2018 May 24. PMID: 30033267. Nakkala JR, Mata R, Gupta AK, Sadras SR. Biological activities of green silver nanoparticles synthesized with Acorous calamus rhizome extract. Eur J Med Chem. 2014 Oct 6; 85:784-94. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.024. Epub 2014 Aug 7. PMID: 25147142. Shenvi S, Diwakar L, Reddy GC. Nitro Derivatives of Naturally Occurring β -Asarone and Their Anticancer Activity. Int J Med Chem. 2014; 2014:835485. doi: 10.1155/2014/835485. Epub 2014 Oct 1. PMID: 25383224; PMCID: PMC4207380. Nayak D, Pradhan S, Ashe S, Rauta PR, Nayak B. Biologically synthesised silver nanoparticles from three diverse family of plant extracts and their anticancer activity against epidermoid A431 carcinoma. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2015 Nov 1; 457:329-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.07.012. Epub 2015 Jul 7. PMID: 26196716. Qi H. Proteomic analysis of beta-asarone induced cytotoxicity in human glioblastoma U251 cells. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2015; 115:292–299. Li L. β-Asarone induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of human glioma U251 cells via suppression of HnRNP A2/B1-mediated pathway in vitro and in vivo. Molecules. 2018;23(5): E1072. Wang N. β-Asarone promotes Temozolomide's entry into glioma cells and decreases the expression of P-glycoprotein and MDR1. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017; 90:368–374 Wang N. β-asarone inhibited cell growth and promoted autophagy via P53/Bcl-2/Bclin-1 and P53/AMPK/mTOR pathways in human glioma U251 cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 2018;233(3):2434–2443. Zou X. Beta-asarone induces LoVo colon cancer cell apoptosis by up-regulation of caspases through a mitochondrial pathway in vitro and in vivo. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2012;13(10):5291–5298. Liu L. β-Asarone induces senescence in colorectal cancer cells by inducing lamin B1 expression. Phytomedicine. 2013;20(6):512–520. Meng X. Reversing P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in vitro by α-asarone and β-asarone, bioactive cis-trans isomers from Acorus tatarinowii. Biotechnol. Lett. 2014;36(4):685–691. Wu J. β-Asarone inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation. Oncol. Rep. 2015;34(6):3043–3050. Shenvi S. Nitro derivatives of naturally occurring β-Asarone and their anticancer activity. Int. J. Med. Chem. 2014;2014:835485. Koca H.B. Effects of Acorus calamus plant extract on prostate cancer cell culture. Anatolian J. Bot. 2018;2(1):46–51. |
| 2 | Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity | A.B. Varde, S.S. Ainapure, S.R. Naik, S.R.
Amladi,Anti-inflammatory activity of coconut oil extract of Acorus calamus,
Ocimum sanctum and Ocimum basilicumin rats Indian Drugs, 25 (1988), pp.
226-228. Kim H, Han TH, Lee SG.
Anti-inflammatory activity of a water extract of Acorus calamus L. leaves on
keratinocyte HaCaT cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Feb 25;122(1):149-56. doi:
10.1016/j.jep.2008.12.011. Epub 2008 Dec 25. PMID: 19146941.
Yeh TH, Lin JY. Acorus gramineusand
and Euodia ruticarpa Steam Distilled Essential Oils Exert Anti-Inflammatory
Effects Through Decreasing Th1/Th2 and Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine
Secretion Ratios In Vitro. Biomolecules. 2020 Feb 19;10(2):338. doi:
10.3390/biom10020338. PMID: 32093087; PMCID: PMC7072347.
Shi GB, Wang B, Wu Q, Wang TC, Wang
CL, Sun XH, Zong WT, Yan M, Zhao QC, Chen YF, Zhang W. Evaluation of the
wound-healing activity and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts from
Acorus calamus L. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 Jan;27(1):91-5. PMID: 24374458. |
| 3 | Antioxidant activity | S.B. Vohra, S.A. Shah, K. Sharma, S.A.H. Naqvi, P.C. Dandiya,Antibacterial, antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies on Acorus calamus Linn.Annals of National Academy of Medical Sciences, 25 (1989), pp. 13-20. H. Kim, T.H. Han, S.G.
Lee,Anti-inflammatory activity of a water extract of Acorus calamus L. leaves
on keratinocyte HaCaT cells Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 122 (2009), pp.
149-156.
Muthuraman A, Singh N, Jaggi
AS. Protective effect of Acorus calamus L. in rat model of vincristine induced
painful neuropathy: evidence of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activity.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2011 Oct;49(10):2557-63. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.069.
Epub 2011 Jul 3. PMID: 21756962. .
Y.H. Lad, K.V. Waghmare, K.N.
Methe, S.V. Kasabe, A.A. Kanase,Anti-inflammatory effect of acetone extract of
Acorus calamus in albino rats Electronic Journal of Pharmacology & Therapy,
3 (2010), pp. 5-7
Muthuraman A, Singh N. Attenuating
effect of Acorus calamus extract in chronic constriction injury induced
neuropathic pain in rats: evidence of anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory,
neuroprotective and calcium inhibitory effects. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011
Mar 22; 11:24. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-24. PMID: 21426568; PMCID: PMC3072356.
S. Mehrotra, K.P. Mishra, P. Maurya,
C.C. Srimaln, V.S. Yadav, R. Pandey, V.K. Singh, Anticellular immunosuppressive
properties of ethanolic extract of Acorus calamus rhizome
International Immunopharmacology, 3 (2003), pp. 53-61.
Rajput SB, Tonge MB, Karuppayil
SM. An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus
calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine. 2014 Feb
15;21(3):268-76. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020. Epub 2013 Nov 4. PMID:
24200497.
Verma R, Kumar D, Nagraik R, Sharma
A, Tapwal A, Puri S, Kumar H, Kumari A, Nepovimova E, Kuca K. Mycorrhizal
inoculation impact on Acorus calamus L. - An ethnomedicinal plant of western
Himalaya and its in silico studies for anti-inflammatory potential. J Ethnopharmacol.
2021 Jan 30; 265:113353. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113353. Epub 2020 Sep 4. PMID:
32891818.
Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca
K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in
Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology,
Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr
19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. |
| 4 | Anticonvulsant activity | Bhat SD, Ashok BK, Acharya RN,
Ravishankar B. Anticonvulsant activity of raw and classically processed Vacha
(Acorus calamus Linn.) rhizomes. Ayu. 2012 Jan;33(1):119-22. doi:
10.4103/0974-8520.100328. PMID: 23049196; PMCID: PMC3456849.
Rajput SB, Tonge MB, Karuppayil SM.
An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus
Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine. 2014 Feb
15;21(3):268-76. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020. Epub 2013 Nov 4. PMID:
24200497.
R.T. Jayaraman, T. Anitha, V.D.
Joshi Analgesic and anticonvulsant effects of Acorus calamus roots in
mice International Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology Research, 2
(2010), pp. 552-555.
A.K. Khare, M.K.
Sharma Experimemal evaluation of antiepileptic activity of Acorus
oil Journal of Scientific Research in Plant Medicines, 3 (1982), pp.
100-103. J.D. Sharma, P.C. Dandiya, R.M.
Baxter, S.I. Kandel Pharmacodynamical effects of asarone and
b-asarone Nature, 192 (1961), pp. 1299-1300.
|
| 5 | antispasmodic activity | P.K. Das, C.L. Malhotra,
N.S. Dhalla, Spasmolytic activity of asarone and essential oil of
Acorus calamus Linn. Archives of International Pharmacodynamics Therapy,
135 (1962), pp. 167-177. Gilani AU, Shah AJ, Ahmad M, Shaheen
F. Antispasmodic effect of Acorus calamus Linn. is mediated through calcium
channel blockade. Phytother Res. 2006 Dec;20(12):1080-4. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2000.
PMID:
17009206.
DAS PK, MALHOTRA CL, DHALLA NS.
Spasmolytic activity of asarone and essential oil of Acorus calamus, Linn. Arch
Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1962 Jan 1; 135:167-77. PMID: 13883628. B.C. Bose, R. Vijayvargiya,
A.Q. Saiti, S.K. Sharma Some aspects of chemical and pharmacological
studies of Acorus calamus Linn. Journal of American Pharmaceutical Association,
49 (1960), pp. 32-34.
F.G. Shoba, M. Thomas Study of
antidiarrhoeal activity of four medicinal plants in castor-oil induced
diarrhoea Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 76 (2001), pp. 73-76. DAS PK, MALHOTRA CL, DHALLA NS.
Spasmolytic activity of asarone and essential oil of Acorus calamus, Linn. Arch
Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1962 Jan 1; 135:167-77. PMID: 13883628.
|
| 6 | Cardioprotective effects | Singh BK, Pillai KK, Kohli K, Haque
SE. Isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy in rats: influence of Acorus calamus
Linn.: A. calamus attenuates cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2011 Sep;11(3):263-71.
doi: 10.1007/s12012-011-9121-3. PMID: 21695526. Kim JH, Chung HS, Antonisamy P,
Lee SR, Bae H. Cardioprotective effect of rhizomes of Acorus gramineus against
isoproterenol-induced cardiac damage in pigs. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2014
Jun;14(2):183-92. doi: 10.1007/s12012-014-9243-5. PMID: 24420420. Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca
K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in
Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology,
Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr
19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970. A.L. Moholkar, S.M. Majumdar, P.R.
Pandit, G.Y. Joglekar Role of potassium in pharmacological activity of 50%
alcoholic extract of Rubia cordifolia, Acorus calamus and Withania somnifera
ournal of Research in Indian Medicine, 10 (1975), pp. 34-38. B.R. Madan, R.B. Arora, K.
Kapila Anticonvulsant, antiveratrinic and antiarrhythmic actions of Acorus
calamus Linn. an Indian indigenous drug Archives Internationales de
Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie, 124 (1960), pp. 201-211.
P. Mamgain, R.H.
Singh Controlled clinical trial of the lekhaniya drugvaca (Acorus calamus)
in cases of Ischaemic heart diseases.Journal of Research in Ayurveda and
Siddha, 15 (1994), pp. 35-51.
|
| 7 | Bronchodilatory effect/bronchial asthma | A.J. Shaha, A.H. Gilani
Bronchodilatory effect of Acorus calamus (Linn.) is mediated through multiple
pathways Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 131 (2010), pp. 471-477.
A. Jabbar,
A. Hassan, Bronchodialatory effect of Acorus calamus (Linn.) is
mediated through multiple pathways Journal of Ethhnopharmacology, 131
(2010), pp. 471-477.
S. Rajasekharan, T.N.
Srivastava, Ethnobotanical study on vacha and a preliminary clinical trial on
bronchial asthma Journal of Research in Indian Medicine, Yoga and
Homoeopathy, 12 (1977), pp. 92-96.
P. Chandra, A note on
the preliminary study on Acorus calamus L. in the treatment of
bronchial asthma. Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, 1
(1980), pp. 329-330.
|
| 8 | Antidiabetic effects | Rajput SB, Tonge MB, Karuppayil SM. An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine. 2014 Feb 15;21(3):268-76. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020. Epub 2013 Nov 4. PMID: 24200497. Liu YX, Si MM, Lu W, Zhang LX, Zhou CX, Deng SL, Wu HS. Effects and molecular mechanisms of the antidiabetic fraction of Acorus calamus L. on GLP-1 expression and secretion in vivo and in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 May 26;166:168-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.014. Epub 2015 Mar 17. PMID: 25792018. Wu HS, Li YY, Weng LJ, Zhou CX, He QJ, Lou YJ. A fraction of Acorus calamus L. extract devoid of beta-asarone enhances adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Phytother Res. 2007 Jun;21(6):562-4. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2112. PMID: 17335118 . Wu HS, Zhu DF, Zhou CX, Feng CR, Lou YJ, Yang B, He QJ. Insulin sensitizing activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Acorus calamus L. in vitro and in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jun 22;123(2):288-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.004. Epub 2009 Mar 20. PMID: 19429374 . Si MM, Lou JS, Zhou CX, Shen JN, Wu HH, Yang B, He QJ, Wu HS. Insulin releasing and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Acorus calamus in vitro and in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Mar 2;128(1):154-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.044. Epub 2010 Jan 4. PMID: 20051258.
M.H. Lee, Y.Y. Chen, S.C. Wang, T.
Watanobe, Y.C. Tsai
M.M. Si, J.S.
Lou, C.X. Zhou, J.N. Shen Insulin releasing and alpha glucosidase inhibitory
activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Acorus calamus in vitro and in vivo Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128 (2010), pp. 154-159
|
| 9 | Hypolipidemic effects | T. D'Souza, S. Mengi, S. Hassarajani, S. Chattopadhayay Efficacy study of the bioactive fraction (F-3) of Acorus calamus in hyperlipidemia Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 39 (2007), pp. 196-200. R.S. Parab, S.A. Mengi Hypolipidemic activity of Acorus calamus L. in rats Fitoterpia, 73 (2002), pp. 451-455.
L. Rodriguez-Paez, M. Juarez-Sanchez, J. Antunez-Solıs, I. Baeza, C. Wong Alpha-asarone inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, lowers serum LDL-cholesterol levels and reduces biliary CSI in hypercholesterolemic rats Phytomedicine, 10 (2003), p. 397. J.L. Medina-Franco, F. Lopez-Vallejo, S. Rodrı́guez-Morales, R. Castillo, G.
Chamorro, J. Tamariz Molecular docking of the highly hypolipidemic agent
α-asarone with the catalytic portion of HMG-CoA reductase |
| 10 | Antimicrobial activity | S. Phongpaichit, N. Pujenjob, V. Rukachaisirikul, M. Ongsakul Antimicrobial activities of the crude methanol extract of Acorus calamus Linn. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 27 (2005), pp. 517-523.
Kim WJ, Hwang KH, Park DG, Kim TJ, Kim DW, Choi DK, Moon WK, Lee KH. Major constituents and antimicrobial activity of Korean herb Acorus calamus. Nat Prod Res. 2011 Aug;25(13):1278-81. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2010.513333. Epub 2011 Jun 27. PMID: 21707379.
Sharma V, Singh I, Chaudhary P. Acorus calamus (The Healing Plant): a review on its medicinal potential, micropropagation and conservation. Nat Prod Res. 2014;28(18):1454-66. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2014.915827. Epub 2014 May 13. PMID: 24824923. S. Phongpaichit, N. Pujenjob, V. Rukachaisirikul, M. Ongsakul Antimicrobial activities of the crude methanol extract of Acorus calamus Linn. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 27 (2005), pp. 517-523. S.A. Devi, D. Ganjewala,Antimicrobial activity of Acorus Calamus (L.) rhizome and leaf extract Acta Biologica Szegediensis, 53 (2009), pp. 45-49.
|
| 11 | Neuroprotective effect | Shukla PK, Khanna VK, Ali MM, Maurya R, Khan MY, Srimal RC. Neuroprotective effect of Acorus calamus against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischemia in rat. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2006 Apr;25(4):187-94. doi: 10.1191/0960327106ht613oa. PMID: 16696294.
Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 19;9(4):1176. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041176. PMID: 32325895; PMCID: PMC7230970.
Muthuraman A, Singh N. Attenuating effect of Acorus calamus extract in chronic constriction injury induced neuropathic pain in rats: evidence of anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and calcium inhibitory effects. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011 Mar 22; 11:24. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-24. PMID: 21426568; PMCID: PMC3072356 . Muthuraman A, Singh N. Neuroprotective effect of saponin rich extract of Acorus calamus L. in rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve-induced neuropathic pain. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Aug 1;142(3):723-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.049. Epub 2012 Jun 15. PMID: 22706151.
Forouzanfar F, Hosseinzadeh H. Medicinal herbs in the treatment of neuropathic pain: a review. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2018 Apr;21(4):347-358. doi: 10.22038/IJBMS.2018.24026.6021. PMID: 29796216; PMCID: PMC5960749.
Muthuraman A, Singh N. Attenuating effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Acorus calamus in vincristine-induced painful neuropathy in rats. J Nat Med. 2011 Jul;65(3-4):480-7. doi: 10.1007/s11418-011-0525-y. Epub 2011 Mar 16. PMID: 21404093.
Muthuraman A, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Acorus
calamus on tibial and sural nerve transection-induced painful neuropathy in
rats. J Nat Med. 2011 Apr;65(2):282-92. doi: 10.1007/s11418-010-0486-6. Epub
2010 Dec 10. PMID: 21153448. |
| 12 | Wound healing activity | Jain N, Jain R, Jain A, Jain DK, Chandel HS. Evaluation of wound-healing activity of Acorus calamus Linn. Nat Prod Res. 2010 Apr;24(6):534-41. doi: 10.1080/14786410802531782. PMID: 20182947.
Shi GB, Wang B, Wu Q, Wang TC, Wang CL, Sun XH, Zong WT, Yan M, Zhao QC, Chen YF, Zhang W. Evaluation of the wound-healing activity and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts from Acorus calamus L. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 Jan;27(1):91-5. PMID: 24374458.
Ponrasu T, Madhukumar KN, Ganeshkumar M, Iyappan K, Sangeethapriya V, Gayathri
VS, Suguna L. Efficacy of Acorus calamus on collagen maturation on full
thickness cutaneous wounds in rats. Pharmacogn Mag. 2014 Apr;10(Suppl
2):S299-305. doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.133283. PMID: 24991107; PMCID: PMC4078342. |
| 13 | Anti-Parkinson effect | Ning, B.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, N.; Deng, M.; Fang, Y. β-Asarone Regulates ER
Stress and Autophagy Via Inhibition of the PERK/CHOP/Bcl-2/Beclin-1 Pathway in 6-OHDA-Induced
Parkinsonian Rats. Neurochem. Ning, B.; Deng, M.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, N.; Fang, Y. β-Asarone inhibits IRE1/XBP1 endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in 6-OHDA-induced parkinsonian rats. Neurochem. Res. 2016, 41, 2097–210.
Huang, L.; Deng, M.; Zhang, S.; Fang, Y.; Li, L. Coadministration of β-asarone
and levodopa increases dopamine in rat brain by accelerating transformation of levodopa: A different
mechanism from M ado par. |
| 14 | Alzheimer’s | Liu, S.J.; Yang, C.; Zhang, Y.; Su, R.Y.; Chen, J.L.; Jiao, M.M.; Quan,
S.J. Neuroprotective effect of β-asarone against Alzheimer’s disease: Regulation of synaptic plasticity by increased
expression of SYP and GluR1.
Li, C.; Xing, G.; Dong, M.; Zhou, L.; Li, J.; Wang, G.; Niu, Y. Beta-asarone
protection against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via JNK signaling and modulation of Bcl-2 family
proteins. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2010, 635, 96–102. |
Marketed Products
| # | AVALAIBLE PRODUCTS | MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS | URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pilochek tablets, Brahm Rasayan ,Mahasudarsan Churan | Dabur India Limited | Open Url |
| 2 | "Dr Willmar Schwabe India Acorus calamus mother tincture " | Dr Willmar Schwabe India Pvt Ltd. | Open Url |
| 3 | Himalayan calamus root essential oil | Naturalis Essence of Nature | Open Url |
| 4 | Winton tablets and syrup | Scortis Healthcare | Open Url |
| 5 | Chesol syrup | J & J Dechane Laboratories Private Limited | Open Url |
| 6 | Nervocare | Deep Ayurveda | Open Url |
| 7 | Grapzone syrup | Alna Biotech Pvt Ltd. | Open Url |
| 8 | Memoctive syrup | Aayursh Herbal India | Open Url |
| 9 | Pigmento tablets,Paedritone drops | Charak Pharma | Open Url |
| 10 | Brento tablets ,Livotrit Forte ,Zanduzyme | Zandu Realty Limited | Open Url |
| 11 | Vedic Slim | Vedic Bio-Labs Pvt. Ltd. | |
| 12 | Hinguvachaadi Gulika | Nagarajuna Pvt. Ltd. | Open Url |
| 13 | Norbeepee tablet | AVN Formulations | Open Url |
| 14 | Sooktyn tablet | Alarsin Pharma Pvt. Ltd. | Open Url |
| 15 | Deonac oil | Doux Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. | Open Url |
| 16 | Smrutisagar Rasa,Yogaraj Guggul , | Shree Dhootpapeshwar Limite | Open Url |
| 17 | Kankayan Bati | Baidyanath Pvt. Ltd | Open Url |
| 18 | Hinguvachaadi Gulika | Nagarjuna Ayurvedic Centre | Open Url |
| 19 | Alert Capsule | VASU Healthcare Pvt Ltd | Open Url |
| 20 | Vacha Churna | Sadvaidyasala | Open Url |
| 21 | Divya Mukta Vati | Patanjali divya pharmacy | Open Url |
Market Overview
Global End Use Market
Pharmaceuticals, Dietary Supplements Aromatherapy
Available Global Market
North America ,India,Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt,South Africa,Indonesia,Sri Lanka, Japan, China, Europe
Global Manufacturer Extract
AQIA, Dermalab, Esperis, FLAVEX Naturextrakte, KOEI KOGYO, The Garden of Naturalsolution,Aunutra Industries Inc., DR WAKDE'S Natural Health Care, eSutras Organics, Secrets of The Tribe, Biofinest, Piping Rock Health Products, Butterfly Express, GlobaticHerbs, Greenwood Essential, Gritman Essential Oils
Distribution in IORA Countries
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, South Africa, Malaysia, Thailand.
Trade Data
Source Supply
Swampy or marshy habitats in Northern temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Europe and North America.
Trade Name
Saai Anandhaa Exports Address : Saai Anandhaa ExportsNo. 54, New No. 90, IInd Floor, Flat No. B-12, Pillaiyar Koil Street, Vadapalani, ,Chennai,India Neeraj Enterprises Address : Nature HerbsNo. A 81, Begum Bazar, Near Main Market, ,Hyderabad,India XENA BIOHERBALS PRIVATE LIMITED Address : 3-6-294 , HYDERGUDA, ,Hyderabad,India Sanjivini Herbals Address : Sanjivini HerbalsNo. 1, 6th Cross, Maravaneri Extension, First Agraharam, ,Salem,India ROSUN NATURAL PRODUCTS PRIVATE LIMITED Address : Rosun Natural Products Pvt. Ltd.No. 47, Ist Floor, Mount Poonamallee Road Kattupakkam, Kattupakkam, ,Chennai,India LIVE ORGANICS PRIVATE LIMITED Address : U.G. 31, Sunrise Tower, 579, M.G. Road,Indore,India KISALAYA HERBALS LIMITED Address : No. 303, Alankar Chamber, No. 2- A, Ratlam Kothi, ,Indore,India KEBEE PHARMACEMIE PRIVATE LIMITED Address : 519/20 BONANZASAHAR PLAZA J B NAGAR,M V ROAD ANDHERI E,Mumbai,India HERBAL AND NATURAL PRODUCTS INDIA LIMITED Address : Herbal And Natural Products India LimitedNo. 706, Kamarajar Salai, Kamarajar Salai, ,Sivakasi,India ELIXIR EXTRACTS PRIVATE LIMITED Address : III/132 USHA BHAVANTHOTTAKATTUKARA,ALUVA P O,Ernakulam,India Gct Herbal Products Address : GCT Natures ProductsNo. 67, V. K. Road, Saravanampatti, Ganapathi Maanagar, ,Coimbatore,India AMRUTA HERBALS PRIVATE LIMITED Address : PLOT NO.B-35/A, SECTOR,INDUSTRIAL AREA, SANWER ROAD,Indore,India S2m Nutraceuticals Address : S2m NutraceuticalsHarmony Homes Block A, Ground Floor, Plot No. A - 66, Door No. 32 A, Chandrasekaran Salai, Periyar Nagar, ,Chennai,India Lavanya Agro Industries Address : Lavanya Agro IndustriesFlat No. 105, First Floor, AT Gupta Plaza, Plot No. 13 Site No. 37 & 38, Local Shopping Center, Mayur Vihar Extension, ,New Delhi,India Chetna Transport Services Address : Office No. 12, Gurudarshan Apartment, Balaji Park Kesnand Road, Wagholi, Wagholi, ,Pune,India S. J. Herbals And Health Care Address : S.J.Herbals And Health CareNo. 21, Sai Jyothi, 2nd Cross, K. B. Halli Main Road P & T Layout, Mahalaxmipuram, ,Bengaluru,India A.S.M. NAVEEN & CO., NO.27/1, PARIVALLAL STREET LOURTHU NAGAR, K.PUDUR Cedmap, 60, Jail Road, Jahangirabad, Bhopal (M.P.) KRD Musli Farm,10/47, Station Road, Rau, Indore-453331 (M.P.) Mittal Musli Farm and Research Centre, Jamod, Jalgaon (Maharashtra) Jeevan Herbs & Agro Farms 178,Keshav Ganj, Sagar (M.P.) A.Y. Agritec Private Limited 16-7-382/18, Azampura Masjid, Hyderabad (A.P.) Kasiraj Exports, 37, Santhai Road, Tuticorin (TN) SSS Biotic.com C/o biosourcing.com (P)Ltd. A-41, Janpath, Ashoknagar Bhubaneswar (Orissa)
Annual Consumption (in MT)
-
Adulterant/Substitute
Mixing of Alpinia galanga, decayed roots(Mishra, M., Kotwal, P. C., & Prasad, C. (2010). Harvesting of Medicinal Plants in the Forest of Central India and its Impact on Quality of Raw Materials: A Case of Nagpur District, India. Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology, 16, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.3126/eco.v16i0.3471)