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Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex C.B.Clarke
BOTANICAL DETAILS OF PLANT
Synonyms
Gentiana chirayita Roxb. ex Fleming Agathotes chirayta D.Don Ericoila chirayta Bercht. & J.Presl Eyrythalia floribunda G.Don Gentiana floribunda D.Don Henricea pharmacearcha Lem.
Kew Herbarium Links
Classification
Kingdom
Plantae
Subkingdom
-
Superdivision
-
Division
-
Class
Magnoliopsida
Subclass
-
Order
Gentianales
Family
Gentianaceae
Genus
Swertia
Species
Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex C.B.Clarke
Plant Description
Annual or perennial herb up to 1.5 m tall. Roots fibrous and woody; Stem erect, hollow, cylindrical below, quadrangular upwards with large yellow pith. Leaves in opposite pairs, lanceolate, acuminate, base cordate, 4-8 cm long, 0.4- 4.0 cm wide, 5-nerved sometimes -7. Inflorescence- large leafy panicles, flowers on short pedicels, small, numerous (3-5 flowers). Calyx 4-lobed, lobes lanceolate, greenish yellow. Corolla greenish yellow, tinged with purple, lobes ovate, 4-6 X 2-3 mm, two glands on each lobe, each fringed by pinkish or whitish hairs. Stamens -4, opposite to corolla lobe. Unilocular ovary. Capsule 0.5-0.6 cm long.
Habit/Life Form
Herb
DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES IN INDIA
Assam, East Himalaya, Sikkim and West Himalaya.
AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS
| # | Soil and Climate | Temperature (°C) | Average Annual Rainfall (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Temperate /sub temperate regions in the Himalayas at an altitude of 1200–3000 m in slopes and pastures . Kashmir - Uttarakhand -Bhutan, and in the Khasi hills Soil- Loamy to sand-l | 6- 25 | 100 |
Local Names
| # | Language Name | Local Name |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kannada | Nelabevu, kiraatha kaddi, nela baevu |
| 2 | Hindi | Chirayata, Charaita |
| 3 | Malayalam | Kiriyatta, Kiriyattu, Nilaveppa |
| 4 | Tamil | Nilavembu, Shirattakuchi, Cirat kucci, Verkkiriyattu, Shayraet coochie |
| 5 | Telugu | Nelavemu |
| 6 | Marathi | Charayatah, Chirayita |
| 7 | Sanskrit | Anaryatikta |
| 8 | English | Chirayita |
| 9 | Urdu | Chiraita, Shireen, Chirata talkh |
International Local Names
| # | Country Name | Local Name |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tibetan | ta go ta, ti-kta, tig ta, tig ta |
| 2 | Nepal | Chiraito,Chiraito, Tite, Pothi chiraito |
Plant Parts Used
Whole plant
System of Medicine
Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha
Intended Use
Liver disorders, malaria, diabetes, fever, constipation, upset stomach, loss of appetite, intestinal worms, skin diseases, cancer, hepatitis, gastritis, constipation, dyspepsia, skin diseases, worms, epilepsy, ulcers, scanty urine and hypertension,
Traditional Application
The herb is frequently used in Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha medicine systems and as an active herb in various traditional medicinal systems. Traditionally the herb is used for the treatment of chronic fevers and liver disorders. In Charaka Samhita, Chirata is recommended for reducing fever and purifying breast milk. Sushruta Samhita Chirata as antiseptic and is used in fevers, urinary disorders, skin diseases, coughs, hiccups, and poisoning. According to Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, the herb behaves as a laxative, cooling, bitter, and easily digestible. The herb is also used in British and American Pharmacopeia as tincture and infusions.
1) Root of chirata is an excellent remedy for treating general weakness, fever, cough, joint pain, asthma, and the common cold (Joshi P., Dhawan V. (2005). Swertia chirayita—an overview. Curr. Sci. 89, 635–640) .
2) Whole plant is also considered for tough headaches and lowering high blood pressure, the overnight soaked aerial part of the herb is filtered and consumed the next day regularly for 2–3 days
3) Whole plant is used directly to cure Tremor fever, for this whole S. chirayita plants are cut into small pieces and boiled in a half liter of water, concentrate it. The filtered water is stored in a glass container and half a spoon is given to children once a day for 2 days. For adults, 1 spoon/day for 2 days. (de Rus Jacquet A, Subedi R, Ghimire SK, Rochet JC. Nepalese traditional medicine and symptoms related to Parkinson's disease and other disorders: Patterns of the usage of plant resources along the Himalayan altitudinal range. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Apr 11;153(1):178-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.016. Epub 2014 Feb 17. PMID: 24556225).
4) Whole plant boiled in water and one cup of decoction is given to cure malaria (Shah G. M., Abbasi A. M., Khan N., Guo X., Khan M. A., Hussain M., et al. (2014). Traditional uses of medicinal plants against malarial disease by the tribal communities of Lesser Himalayas–Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 155, 450–462. 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.047).
5) Whole plant is used to alleviate hiccups and vomiting and to cure ulcers, gastrointestinal infections, and kidney diseases (Kirtikar K. R., Basu B. D. (1984). Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. III. Allahabad: LM Basu Publishers).
6) Whole plant is used to control vaginal discharge (Jadhav A. N., Bhutani K. K. (2005). Ayurveda and gynecological disorders. J. Ethnopharmacol. 97, 151–159. 10.1016/j.jep.2004.10.020) (Kumar, Vijay, and Johannes Van Staden. “A Review of Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) as a Traditional Medicinal Plant.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 6 308. 12 Jan. 2016, doi:10.3389/fphar.2015.00308).
7)The whole plant decoction is used to stimulate appetite.
8) Bark extract is considered for Cholera and root extract is used in Leprosy (Awan, A.A., Murtaza, G., Awan, Z.I., Akhter, T., Minhas, F.A., 2013. Ethnobotanical study of some highly medicinal important wild plants of Leepa valley district Muzaffarabad. World Appl. Sci. J. 22, 1760–1765.)
9) Overnight soaked whole plant bitter juice is taken very next morning to cure malarial fever. Juice of the root is taken to cure liver diseases. Paste prepared with warmed leaves in mustard oil is applied directly overboils and scabies (Kunjani Joshi* and Ananda Joshi Swertia L. (Gentianaceae) in Nepal Himalaya: Checklist, Phytogeography, Ethnobotany and Conservation Status, Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 361-372. 2008.)
Uses in IORA Countries
| # | Country Name | Uses |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bangladesh | 1) In Bangladesh, traditional healers in Gazipur district of Bangladesh uses Chirata as a remedy for cancer (Mollik MAH, McField R, Faruque MR, Thapa KM, Hassan AI, Ahmmed B (2010) Ethnomedicinal uses of some medicinal plants for prevention against all forms of cancer by the traditional healers in Gazipur district of Bangladesh. Canc Prev Res 3(1 Suppl): A101). 2) Swertia chirata is used in various anti-diabetic traditional formulations as medicine (Rafe MR. A review of five traditional |
Phytochemical Details
| # | Phytochemical Constituents | PUBCHEM CID | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Swertiamarin | 442435 | Xu L, Li D, Zhu Y, Cai S, Liang X, Tang Y, Jin S, Ding C. Swertiamarin supplementation prevents obesity-related chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet. Adipocyte. 2021 Dec;10(1):160-173. doi: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1906510. PMID: 33794740; PMCID: PMC8023247. Leong XY, Thanikachalam PV, Pandey M, Ramamurthy S. A systematic review of the protective role of swertiamarin in cardiac and metabolic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016 Dec;84:1051-1060. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.044. Epub 2016 Oct 22. PMID: 27780133. Wang J, He J. Swertiamarin decreases lipid accumulation dependent on 3-ketoacyl-coA thiolase. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019 Apr;112:108668. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108668. Epub 2019 Feb 20. PMID: 30784937. Jaishree V, Narsimha S. Swertiamarin and quercetin combination ameliorates hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 Oct;130:110561. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110561. Epub 2020 Aug 11. PMID: 32795923. Patel N, Tyagi RK, Tandel N, Garg NK, Soni N. The Molecular Targets of Swertiamarin and its Derivatives Confer Anti- Diabetic and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Effects. Curr Drug Targets. 2018;19(16):1958-1967. doi: 10.2174/1389450119666180406113428. PMID: 29623834. Hairul-Islam MI, Saravanan S, Thirugnanasambantham K, Chellappandian M, Simon Durai Raj C, Karikalan K, Gabriel Paulraj M, Ignacimuthu S. Swertiamarin, a natural steroid, prevent bone erosion by modulating RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling. Int Immunopharmacol. 2017 Dec;53:114-124. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.10.022. PMID: 29078090. Sonawane RD, Deore VB, Patil SD, Patil CR, Surana SJ, Goyal RK. Role of 5-HT2 receptors in diabetes: Swertiamarin seco-iridoid glycoside might be a possible 5-HT2 receptor modulator. Physiol Behav. 2015 May 15;144:66-72. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.036. Epub 2015 Feb 21. PMID: 25708274. Wang B, Yao J, Yao X, Lao J, Liu D, Chen C, Lu Y. [Swertiamarin alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats by suppressing NOXS/ ROS/NLRP3 signal pathway]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2021 Jun 20;41(6):937-941. Chinese. doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.06.18. PMID: 34238748; PMCID: PMC8267977. Muhamad Fadzil NS, Sekar M, Gan SH, Bonam SR, Wu YS, Vaijanathappa J, Ravi S, Lum PT, Dhadde SB. Chemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Swertiamarin - A Promising Natural Lead for New Drug Discovery and Development. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021 Jun 21;15:2721-2746. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S299753. PMID: 34188450; PMCID: PMC8233004. |
| 2 | Amarogentin | 115149 | Patel K, Kumar V, Verma A, Rahman M, Patel DK. Amarogentin as Topical Anticancer and Anti-Infective Potential: Scope of Lipid Based Vesicular in its Effective Delivery. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2019;14(1):7-15. doi: 10.2174/1574891X13666180913154355. PMID: 30210007. Keil M, Härtle B, Guillaume A, Psiorz M. Production of amarogentin in root cultures of Swertia chirata. Planta Med. 2000 Jun;66(5):452-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2000-8579. PMID: 10909267. Suryawanshi S, Asthana RK, Gupta RC. Assessment of systemic interaction between Swertia chirata extract and its Bioactive constituents in rabbits. Phytother Res. 2009 Jul;23(7):1036-8. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2738. PMID: 19140153. Saha P, Mandal S, Das A, Das PC, Das S. Evaluation of the anticarcinogenic activity of Swertia chirata Buch.Ham, an Indian medicinal plant, on DMBA-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis model. Phytother Res. 2004 May;18(5):373-8. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1436. PMID: 15173996. Medda S, Mukhopadhyay S, Basu MK. Evaluation of the in-vivo activity and toxicity of amarogentin, an antileishmanial agent, in both liposomal and niosomal forms. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 Dec;44(6):791-4. doi: 10.1093/jac/44.6.791. PMID: 10590280. Padhan JK, Kumar V, Sood H, Singh TR, Chauhan RS. Contents of therapeutic metabolites in Swertia chirayita correlate with the expression profiles of multiple genes in corresponding biosynthesis pathways. Phytochemistry. 2015 Aug;116:38-47. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.05.007. Epub 2015 May 28. PMID: 26028519. Sur S, Pal D, Banerjee K, Mandal S, Das A, Roy A, Panda CK. Amarogentin regulates self renewal pathways to restrict liver carcinogenesis in experimental mouse model. Mol Carcinog. 2016 Jul;55(7):1138-49. doi: 10.1002/mc.22356. Epub 2015 Jul 8. PMID: 26154024. Kumar V, Sood H, Chauhan RS. Detection of intermediates through high-resolution mass spectrometry for constructing biosynthetic pathways for major chemical constituents in a medicinally important herb, Swertia chirayita. Nat Prod Res. 2015;29(15):1449-55. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1004175. Epub 2015 Jan 27. PMID: 25622657. Saha P, Mandal S, Das A, Das S. Amarogentin can reduce hyperproliferation by downregulation of Cox-II and upregulation of apoptosis in mouse skin carcinogenesis model. Cancer Lett. 2006 Dec 8;244(2):252-9. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.12.036. Epub 2006 Mar 6. PMID: 16517061. Zhang Y, Zhao H, Li H, Cao W, Wang F, Zhang T, Wang SW. Protective Effects of Amarogentin against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Molecules. 2017 May 6;22(5):754. doi: 10.3390/molecules22050754. PMID: 28481234; PMCID: PMC6154739. Pal D, Sur S, Mandal S, Das A, Roy A, Das S, Panda CK. Prevention of liver carcinogenesis by amarogentin through modulation of G1/S cell cycle check point and induction of apoptosis. Carcinogenesis. 2012 Dec;33(12):2424-31. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgs276. Epub 2012 Sep 4. PMID: 22948180. Kar P, Kumar V, Vellingiri B, Sen A, Jaishee N, Anandraj A, Malhotra H, Bhattacharyya S, Mukhopadhyay S, Kinoshita M, Govindasamy V, Roy A, Naidoo D, Subramaniam MD. Anisotine and amarogentin as promising inhibitory candidates against SARS-CoV-2 proteins: a computational investigation. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020 Dec 11:1-11. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1860133. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33305988; PMCID: PMC7808002. |
| 3 | Amaroswerin | 45359883 | Sharma, Seema & Sharma, Yash & Bhardwaj, Chitra & Mehta, Aruna. (2019). Quantification of Amaroswerin and Amarogentin in Different Parts of Swertia chirayita by Chromatographic Analysis. International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 17. 1-7. 10.9734/IRJPAC/2018/47081. Chauhan, R. & Dutt, Prabhu. (2012). Mangiferin, Amaroswerin and Amarogentin From Swertia alternifolia Royle. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature. 2. 10.1080/22311866.2012.10719116. |
| 4 | 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone ((Desmethylbellidifolin)) | 5281626 | Wang CZ, Maier UH, Keil M, Zenk MH, Bacher A, Rohdich F, Eisenreich W. Phenylalanine-independent biosynthesis of 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone. A retrobiosynthetic NMR study with root cultures of Swertia chirata. Eur J Biochem. 2003 Jul;270(14):2950-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03669.x. PMID: 12846828. |
| 5 | 1,3,7,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone (Norswertianin) | 5281658 | Kumar, V., & Van Staden, J. (2016). A Review of Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) as a Traditional Medicinal Plant. Frontiers in pharmacology, 6, 308. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00308 Pant, N., Jain, D.C., & Bhakuni, R.S. (2000). Phytochemicals from Genus Swertia and Their Biological Activities. ChemInform, 32. |
| 6 | 1,3,8-trihydroxy-5-methoxyxanthone | 5322042 | Pant, N., Jain, D.C., & Bhakuni, R.S. (2000). Phytochemicals from Genus Swertia and Their Biological Activities. ChemInform, 32. |
| 7 | 1,5,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (Bellidifolin) | 5281623 | Shi, Gaofeng & Lu, Runhua & Yang, YunShang & Li, ChunLei & Yang, Aimei & Cai, LiXiang. (2005). Crystal structure of 1,5,8-trihydroxyl-3-methoxy xanthone from Swertia chirayita. Journal of Chemical Crystallography. 35. 135-139. 10.1007/s10870-005-2802-7. Ghosal, S., Sharma, P.V., Chaudhuri, R.K. and Bhattacharya, S.K. (1973), Chemical constituents of the gentianaceae V: Tetraoxygenated xanthones of swertia chirata buch.-ham. J. Pharm. Sci., 62: 926-930. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600620614 Pant, N., Jain, D.C., & Bhakuni, R.S. (2000). Phytochemicals from Genus Swertia and Their Biological Activities. ChemInform, 32. |
| 8 | 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone(swerchirin ) | 5281660 | Ghosal, S., Sharma, P.V., Chaudhuri, R.K. and Bhattacharya, S.K. (1973), Chemical constituents of the gentianaceae V: Tetraoxygenated xanthones of swertia chirata buch.-ham. J. Pharm. Sci., 62: 926-930. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600620614 Pant, N., Jain, D.C., & Bhakuni, R.S. (2000). Phytochemicals from Genus Swertia and Their Biological Activities. ChemInform, 32. |
| 9 | 1,8-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one(methylswertanin ) | 5281653 | Pant, N., Jain, D.C., & Bhakuni, R.S. (2000). Phytochemicals from Genus Swertia and Their Biological Activities. ChemInform, 32. |
| 10 | 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxyxanthone | 5378285 | Ghosal, S., Sharma, P.V., Chaudhuri, R.K. and Bhattacharya, S.K. (1973), Chemical constituents of the gentianaceae V: Tetraoxygenated xanthones of swertia chirata buch.-ham. J. Pharm. Sci., 62: 926-930. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600620614 Pant, N., Jain, D.C., & Bhakuni, R.S. (2000). Phytochemicals from Genus Swertia and Their Biological Activities. ChemInform, 32. |
| 11 | 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone | 5378284 | Ghosal, S., Sharma, P.V., Chaudhuri, R.K. and Bhattacharya, S.K. (1973), Chemical constituents of the gentianaceae V: Tetraoxygenated xanthones of swertia chirata buch.-ham. J. Pharm. Sci., 62: 926-930. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600620614 Pant, N., Jain, D.C., & Bhakuni, R.S. (2000). Phytochemicals from Genus Swertia and Their Biological Activities. ChemInform, 32. |
| 12 | 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid | 69131 | Pant, N., Jain, D.C., & Bhakuni, R.S. (2000). Phytochemicals from Genus Swertia and Their Biological Activities. ChemInform, 32. |
| 13 | Amarogentin | 115149 | Patel K, Kumar V, Verma A, Rahman M, Patel DK. Amarogentin as Topical Anticancer and Anti-Infective Potential: Scope of Lipid Based Vesicular in its Effective Delivery. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2019;14(1):7-15. doi: 10.2174/1574891X13666180913154355. PMID: 30210007. Suryawanshi S, Mehrotra N, Asthana RK, Gupta RC. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric study and analysis of xanthone and secoiridoid glycoside composition of Swertia chirata, a potent antidiabetic. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2006;20(24):3761-8. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2795. PMID: 17120271. Suryawanshi S, Asthana RK, Gupta RC. Assessment of systemic interaction between Swertia chirata extract and its Bioactive constituents in rabbits. Phytother Res. 2009 Jul;23(7):1036-8. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2738. PMID: 19140153. Pal D, Sur S, Mandal S, Das A, Roy A, Das S, Panda CK. Prevention of liver carcinogenesis by amarogentin through modulation of G1/S cell cycle check point and induction of apoptosis. Carcinogenesis. 2012 Dec;33(12):2424-31. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgs276. Epub 2012 Sep 4. PMID: 22948180. Medda S, Mukhopadhyay S, Basu MK. Evaluation of the in-vivo activity and toxicity of amarogentin, an antileishmanial agent, in both liposomal and niosomal forms. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999 Dec;44(6):791-4. doi: 10.1093/jac/44.6.791. PMID: 10590280. Zhang Y, Zhao H, Li H, Cao W, Wang F, Zhang T, Wang SW. Protective Effects of Amarogentin against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Molecules. 2017 May 6;22(5):754. doi: 10.3390/molecules22050754. PMID: 28481234; PMCID: PMC6154739. Saha P, Mandal S, Das A, Das S. Amarogentin can reduce hyperproliferation by downregulation of Cox-II and upregulation of apoptosis in mouse skin carcinogenesis model. Cancer Lett. 2006 Dec 8;244(2):252-9. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.12.036. Epub 2006 Mar 6. PMID: 16517061. Sur S, Pal D, Banerjee K, Mandal S, Das A, Roy A, Panda CK. Amarogentin regulates self renewal pathways to restrict liver carcinogenesis in experimental mouse model. Mol Carcinog. 2016 Jul;55(7):1138-49. doi: 10.1002/mc.22356. Epub 2015 Jul 8. PMID: 26154024. Kar P, Kumar V, Vellingiri B, Sen A, Jaishee N, Anandraj A, Malhotra H, Bhattacharyya S, Mukhopadhyay S, Kinoshita M, Govindasamy V, Roy A, Naidoo D, Subramaniam MD. Anisotine and amarogentin as promising inhibitory candidates against SARS-CoV-2 proteins: a computational investigation. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020 Dec 11:1-11. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1860133. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33305988; PMCID: PMC7808002. Keil M, Härtle B, Guillaume A, Psiorz M. Production of amarogentin in root cultures of Swertia chirata. Planta Med. 2000 Jun;66(5):452-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2000-8579. PMID: 10909267. Shukla S, Bafna K, Sundar D, Thorat SS. The bitter barricading of prostaglandin biosynthesis pathway: understanding the molecular mechanism of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by amarogentin, a secoiridoid glycoside from Swertia chirayita. PLoS One. 2014 Mar 6;9(6):e90637. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090637. PMID: 24603686; PMCID: PMC3946170. Padhan JK, Kumar V, Sood H, Singh TR, Chauhan RS. Contents of therapeutic metabolites in Swertia chirayita correlate with the expression profiles of multiple genes in corresponding biosynthesis pathways. Phytochemistry. 2015 Aug;116:38-47. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.05.007. Epub 2015 May 28. PMID: 26028519. Phoboo S, Pinto Mda S, Barbosa AC, Sarkar D, Bhowmik PC, Jha PK, Shetty K. Phenolic-linked biochemical rationale for the anti-diabetic properties of Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Flem.) Karst. Phytother Res. 2013 Feb;27(2):227-35. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4714. Epub 2012 Apr 23. PMID: 22523004. Kumar V, Sood H, Chauhan RS. Detection of intermediates through high-resolution mass spectrometry for constructing biosynthetic pathways for major chemical constituents in a medicinally important herb, Swertia chirayita. Nat Prod Res. 2015;29(15):1449-55. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1004175. Epub 2015 Jan 27. PMID: 25622657. |
| 14 | Amaroswerin | 45359883 | |
| 15 | Chiratenol | 14831162 | |
| 16 | Decussatin | 5378284 | |
| 17 | Enicoflavine | 5281564 | |
| 18 | Episwertenol | 101619548 | |
| 19 | Erythrodiol | 101761 | |
| 20 | Gentianine | 354616 | |
| 21 | Kairatenol | 102285188 | |
| 22 | Lupeol | 259846 | |
| 23 | Mangiferin | 5281647 | Ghosal, S., Sharma, P.V., Chaudhuri, R.K. and Bhattacharya, S.K. (1973), Chemical constituents of the gentianaceae V: Tetraoxygenated xanthones of swertia chirata buch.-ham. J. Pharm. Sci., 62: 926-930. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600620614 |
| 24 | Mangostin | 5281650 | |
| 25 | Oleanolic acid | 10494 | |
| 26 | Sweroside | 161036 | Wang J, Cai X, Ma R, Lei D, Pan X, Wang F. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Sweroside on LPS-Induced ALI in Mice Via Activating SIRT1. Inflammation. 2021 Oct;44(5):1961-1968. doi: 10.1007/s10753-021-01473-4. Epub 2021 Apr 29. PMID: 33913051. Suryawanshi S, Asthana RK, Gupta RC. Assessment of systemic interaction between Swertia chirata extract and its Bioactive constituents in rabbits. Phytother Res. 2009 Jul;23(7):1036-8. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2738. PMID: 19140153. Han H, Zeng W, He C, Bligh SW, Liu Q, Yang L, Wang Z. Characterization of metabolites of sweroside in rat urine using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. J Mass Spectrom. 2014 Nov;49(11):1108-16. doi: 10.1002/jms.3429. PMID: 25395126. Yang Q, Shu F, Gong J, Ding P, Cheng R, Li J, Tong R, Ding L, Sun H, Huang W, Wang Z, Yang L. Sweroside ameliorates NAFLD in high-fat diet induced obese mice through the regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammatory response. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020 Jun 12;255:112556. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112556. Epub 2020 Jan 9. PMID: 31926984. Yang Y, Luo WZ, Liu X, Wang CH, Zhao JF, Qin SY, Zhong GY. [Determination and quality assessment of 10 ingredients gentiopicroside and sweroside and so on in Tibetan medicine Jia Di (Swertia chirayita)]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2012 Oct;37(20):3141-6. Chinese. PMID: 23311169. |
| 27 | Swertanone | 102285187 | Tabassum, Sobia & Mahmood, Sidra & Hanif, J. & Hina, M. & Uzair, Bushra. (2012). An overview of medicinal importance of swertia chirayita. Int J Appl Sci Technol. 2. 298-304. Dey, P., Singh, J., Suluvoy, J.K. et al. Utilization of Swertia chirayita Plant Extracts for Management of Diabetes and Associated Disorders: Present Status, Future Prospects and Limitations. Nat. Prod. Bioprospect. 10, 431–443 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-020-00277-7 |
| 28 | Swertenol | 21726415 | |
| 29 | Swertianin/1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone | 5281661 | |
| 30 | Taraxerol | 92097 | |
| 31 | Ursoilic acid | 64945 | |
| 32 | Beta-Amyrin | 73145 | |
| 33 | Alpha-Amyrin | 73170 | |
| 34 | Araxasterol or heterolupeol | 604983 |
Pharmacological Details
| # | PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS/THERAPEUTIC USES | REFERENCES |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Antidiabetic activity | Roy P, Abdulsalam FI, Pandey DK, Bhattacharjee A, Eruvaram NR, Malik T. Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic potential of two traditional medicinal plants of India: Swertia cordata and Swertia chirayita. Pharmacognosy Res. 2015 Jun;7(Suppl 1):S57-62. doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.157997. PMID: 26109789; PMCID: PMC4466770. Kshirsagar PR, Gaikwad NB, Panda S, Hegde HV, Pai SR. Reverse Phase-ultra Flow Liquid Chromatography-diode Array Detector Quantification of Anticancerous and Antidiabetic Drug Mangiferin from 11 Species of Swertia from India. Pharmacogn Mag. 2016 Jan;12(Suppl 1):S32-6. doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.176105. PMID: 27041855; PMCID: PMC4791996. Dey P, Singh J, Suluvoy JK, Dilip KJ, Nayak J. Utilization of Swertia chirayita Plant Extracts for Management of Diabetes and Associated Disorders: Present Status, Future Prospects and Limitations. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2020 Dec;10(6):431-443. doi: 10.1007/s13659-020-00277-7. Epub 2020 Oct 28. PMID: 33118125; PMCID: PMC7648839. Patel K, Kumar V, Verma A, Rahman M, Patel DK. Amarogentin as Topical Anticancer and Anti-Infective Potential: Scope of Lipid Based Vesicular in its Effective Delivery. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2019;14(1):7-15. doi: 10.2174/1574891X13666180913154355. PMID: 30210007. Suryawanshi S, Mehrotra N, Asthana RK, Gupta RC. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric study and analysis of xanthone and secoiridoid glycoside composition of Swertia chirata, a potent antidiabetic. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2006;20(24):3761-8. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2795. PMID: 17120271. Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V. Medicinal plants of India with anti-diabetic potential. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Jun;81(1):81-100. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00059-4. PMID: 12020931. Phoboo S, Pinto Mda S, Barbosa AC, Sarkar D, Bhowmik PC, Jha PK, Shetty K. Phenolic-linked biochemical rationale for the anti-diabetic properties of Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Flem.) Karst. Phytother Res. 2013 Feb;27(2):227-35. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4714. Epub 2012 Apr 23. PMID: 22523004. Tupe RS, Kemse NG, Khaire AA, Shaikh SA. Attenuation of glycation-induced multiple protein modifications by Indian antidiabetic plant extracts. Pharm Biol. 2017 Dec;55(1):68-75. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1228683. Epub 2016 Sep 8. PMID: 27608964; PMCID: PMC7011994. |
| 2 | Anthelmintic activity | Iqbal Z, Lateef M, Khan MN, Jabbar A, Akhtar MS. Anthelmintic activity of Swertia chirata against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Fitoterapia. 2006 Sep;77(6):463-5. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.05.010. Epub 2006 May 24. PMID: 16815639. Ahirwal, Laxmi. (2010). Anthelmintic potential of Gymnema sylvestre and Swertia chirata. Inventi Rapid: Ethnopharmacology. |
| 3 | Antioxidant activity | Chen Y, Huang B, He J, Han L, Zhan Y, Wang Y. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects of the ethanolic extract of Swertia chirayita. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jun 22;136(2):309-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.058. Epub 2011 Apr 28. PMID: 21549823. Roy P, Abdulsalam FI, Pandey DK, Bhattacharjee A, Eruvaram NR, Malik T. Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic potential of two traditional medicinal plants of India: Swertia cordata and Swertia chirayita. Pharmacognosy Res. 2015 Jun;7(Suppl 1):S57-62. doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.157997. PMID: 26109789; PMCID: PMC4466770. Kshirsagar P, Chavan J, Nimbalkar M, Yadav S, Dixit G, Gaikwad N. Phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity and HPLC profiles of Swertia species from Western Ghats. Nat Prod Res. 2015;29(8):780-4. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2014.986124. Epub 2014 Dec 6. PMID: 25482162. Singh PP, Ambika, Chauhan SM. Activity-guided isolation of antioxidant xanthones from Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karsten (Gentianaceae). Nat Prod Res. 2012;26(18):1682-6. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2011.592836. Epub 2011 Oct 10. PMID: 21985644. Saha P, Das S. Highlighting the anti-carcinogenic potential of an ayurvedic medicinal plant, Swertia Chirata. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2010;11(6):1445-9. PMID: 21338178. Patel K, Kumar V, Verma A, Rahman M, Patel DK. Amarogentin as Topical Anticancer and Anti-Infective Potential: Scope of Lipid Based Vesicular in its Effective Delivery. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2019;14(1):7-15. doi: 10.2174/1574891X13666180913154355. PMID: 30210007. Dutta Gupta S, Karmakar A. Machine vision based evaluation of impact of light emitting diodes (LEDs) on shoot regeneration and the effect of spectral quality on phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in Swertia chirata. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017 Sep;174:162-172. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.07.029. Epub 2017 Jul 29. PMID: 28779689. Mahmood S, Hussain S, Tabassum S, Malik F, Riaz H. Comparative phytochemical, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of various samples of Swertia Chirayita collected from various cities of Pakistan. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 Nov;27(6):1975-83. PMID: 25362620. Shi GF, Wang GY, Chen XF. Screening of radical-scavenging natural neuroprotective antioxidants from Swertia chirayita. Acta Biol Hung. 2013 Sep;64(3):267-78. doi: 10.1556/ABiol.64.2013.3.1. PMID: 24013889. Phoboo S, Pinto Mda S, Barbosa AC, Sarkar D, Bhowmik PC, Jha PK, Shetty K. Phenolic-linked biochemical rationale for the anti-diabetic properties of Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Flem.) Karst. Phytother Res. 2013 Feb;27(2):227-35. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4714. Epub 2012 Apr 23. PMID: 22523004. Wazir A, Mehjabeen -, Jahan N, Sherwani SK, Ahmad M. Antibacterial, Antifungal and antioxidant activities of some medicinal plants. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 Nov;27(6 Spec No.):2145-52. PMID: 26045377. |
| 4 | Anticholinergic | Kumar, V., & Van Staden, J. (2016). A Review of Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) as a Traditional Medicinal Plant. Frontiers in pharmacology, 6, 308. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00308 |
| 5 | Anticonvulsant | Deng XH, Zhang X, Wang J, Ma PS, Ma L, Niu Y, Sun T, Zhou R, Yu JQ. Anticonvulsant Effect of Swertiamarin Against Pilocarpine-Induced Seizures in Adult Male Mice. Neurochem Res. 2017 Nov;42(11):3103-3113. doi: 10.1007/s11064-017-2347-0. Epub 2017 Jul 5. PMID: 28681096. Bhattacharya SK, Reddy PK, Ghosal S, Singh AK, Sharma PV. Chemical constituents of Gentianaceae XIX: CNS-depressant effects of swertiamarin. J Pharm Sci. 1976 Oct;65(10):1547-9. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600651037. PMID: 988172. |
| 6 | Anticancer activity | Ahmad A, Tiwari RK, Almeleebia TM, Al Fayi MS, Alshahrani MY, Ahmad I, Abohassan MS, Saeed M, Ansari IA. Swertia chirayita suppresses the growth of non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells and concomitantly induces apoptosis via downregulation of JAK1/STAT3 pathway. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021 Nov;28(11):6279-6288. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.085. Epub 2021 Jul 1. PMID: 34764752; PMCID: PMC8570953. Patel K, Kumar V, Verma A, Rahman M, Patel DK. Amarogentin as Topical Anticancer and Anti-Infective Potential: Scope of Lipid-Based Vesicular in its Effective Delivery. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2019;14(1):7-15. doi: 10.2174/1574891X13666180913154355. PMID: 30210007. Pal T, Padhan JK, Kumar P, Sood H, Chauhan RS. Comparative transcriptomics uncovers differences in photoautotrophic versus photoheterotrophic modes of nutrition in relation to secondary metabolites biosynthesis in Swertia chirayita. Mol Biol Rep. 2018 Apr;45(2):77-98. doi: 10.1007/s11033-017-4135-y. Epub 2018 Jan 18. PMID: 29349608. Berehu HM, S A, Khan MI, Chakraborty R, Lavudi K, Penchalaneni J, Mohapatra B, Mishra A, Patnaik S. Cytotoxic Potential of Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized From Swertia chirayita Leaf Extract on Colorectal Cancer Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021 Dec 15;9:788527. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.788527. PMID: 34976976; PMCID: PMC8714927. Jauhari N, Bharadvaja N, Sharma N. Swertia chirata: A Comprehensive Review with Recent Advances. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2017;18(9):730-739. doi: 10.2174/1389201018666171026153515. PMID: 29076426. Barua A, Choudhury P, Mandal S, Panda CK, Saha P. Anti-Metastatic Potential of a Novel Xanthone Sourced by Swertia chirata Against In Vivo and In Vitro Breast Adenocarcinoma Frameworks. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2020 Oct 1;21(10):2865-2875. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.10.2865. PMID: 33112542; PMCID: PMC7798162. Suryavanshi S, Choudhari A, Raina P, Kaul-Ghanekar R. A polyherbal formulation, HC9 regulated cell growth and expression of cell cycle and chromatin modulatory proteins in breast cancer cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019 Oct 5;242:112022. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112022. Epub 2019 Jun 13. PMID: 31201865. |
| 7 | Anti-inflammatory | Patel K, Kumar V, Verma A, Rahman M, Patel DK. Amarogentin as Topical Anticancer and Anti-Infective Potential: Scope of Lipid-Based Vesicular in its Effective Delivery. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2019;14(1):7-15. doi: 10.2174/1574891X13666180913154355. PMID: 30210007. Hu TY, Ju JM, Mo LH, Ma L, Hu WH, You RR, Chen XQ, Chen YY, Liu ZQ, Qiu SQ, Fan JT, Cheng BH. Anti-inflammation action of xanthones from Swertia chirayita by regulating COX-2/NF-κB/MAPKs/Akt signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Phytomedicine. 2019 Mar 1;55:214-221. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.08.001. Epub 2018 Aug 3. PMID: 30668431. Lad H, Bhatnagar D. Amelioration of oxidative and inflammatory changes by Swertia chirayita leaves in experimental arthritis. Inflammopharmacology. 2016 Dec;24(6):363-375. doi: 10.1007/s10787-016-0290-3. Epub 2016 Oct 14. PMID: 27738917. SHIVAJI BANERJEE, TAPAS KUMAR SUR, SUVRA MANDAL, PRABHASH CHANDRA DAS, SRIDHAR SIKDAR, ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF SWERTIA CHIRATA IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXPERIMENTAL MODELS IN MALE ALBINO RATS, Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2000; 32: 21-24 |
| 8 | Antimalarial | Patel K, Kumar V, Verma A, Rahman M, Patel DK. Amarogentin as Topical Anticancer and Anti-Infective Potential: Scope of Lipid Based Vesicular in its Effective Delivery. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2019;14(1):7-15. doi: 10.2174/1574891X13666180913154355. PMID: 30210007. Bhat GP, Surolia N. In vitro antimalarial activity of extracts of three plants used in the traditional medicine of India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Oct;65(4):304-8. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.304. PMID: 11693874. Kshirsagar PR, Pai SR, Nimbalkar MS, Gaikwad NB. Quantitative determination of three pentacyclic triterpenes from five Swertia L. species endemic to Western Ghats, India, using RP-HPLC analysis. Nat Prod Res. 2015;29(19):1783-8. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1004174. Epub 2015 Jan 23. PMID: 25613495. Kaur P, Gupta RC, Dey A, Malik T, Pandey DK. Optimization of harvest and extraction factors by full factorial design for the improved yield of C-glucosyl xanthone mangiferin from Swertia chirata. Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 11;11(1):16346. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95663-7. PMID: 34381094; PMCID: PMC8357827. Mujtaba Shah G, Abbasi AM, Khan N, Guo X, Ajab Khan M, Hussain M, Bibi S, Nazir A, Ahmad Tahir A. Traditional uses of medicinal plants against malarial disease by the tribal communities of Lesser Himalayas-Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Aug 8;155(1):450-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.047. Epub 2014 Jun 2. PMID: 24892831. |
| 9 | Antipyretic | Zheng XY, Yang YF, Li W, Zhao X, Sun Y, Sun H, Wang YH, Pu XP. Two xanthones from Swertia punicea with hepatoprotective activities in vitro and in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 May 14;153(3):854-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.058. Epub 2014 Mar 29. PMID: 24690777. BHARGAVA S, RAO PS, BHARGAVA P, SHUKLA S. Antipyretic Potential of Swertia chirata Buch Ham. Root Extract. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 2009; 77(3):617-624. https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.0812-10 Patil Kalpana, Dhande Swati, Kadam Vilasra,Therapeutic Swertia chirata -An Overview, Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Year: 2013, Volume: 5, Issue: 4 First page : ( 199) Last page : ( 207) Print ISSN: 0975-2331. Online ISSN: 0975-4385. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Year: 2013, Volume: 5, Issue: 4 First page : ( 199) Last page : ( 207) Print ISSN : 0975-2331. Online ISSN : 0975-4385. |
| 10 | Hepatoprotective | Nagalekshmi R, Menon A, Chandrasekharan DK, Nair CK. Hepatoprotective activity of Andrographis paniculata and Swertia chirayita. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011 Dec;49(12):3367-73. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.026. Epub 2011 Sep 29. PMID: 21983487. Mahmood S, Hussain S, Tabassum S, Malik F, Riaz H. Comparative phytochemical, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of various samples of Swertia Chirayita collected from various cities of Pakistan. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 Nov;27(6):1975-83. PMID: 25362620. Pal T, Padhan JK, Kumar P, Sood H, Chauhan RS. Comparative transcriptomics uncovers differences in photoautotrophic versus photoheterotrophic modes of nutrition in relation to secondary metabolites biosynthesis in Swertia chirayita. Mol Biol Rep. 2018 Apr;45(2):77-98. doi: 10.1007/s11033-017-4135-y. Epub 2018 Jan 18. PMID: 29349608. Li J, Zhao YL, Huang HY, Wang YZ. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of the Genus Swertia (Gentianaceae): A Review. Am J Chin Med. 2017;45(4):667-736. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X17500380. Epub 2017 May 11. PMID: 28490237. Jauhari N, Bharadvaja N, Sharma N. Swertia chirata: A Comprehensive Review with Recent Advances. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2017;18(9):730-739. doi: 10.2174/1389201018666171026153515. PMID: 29076426. Zhang Y, Zhao H, Li H, Cao W, Wang F, Zhang T, Wang SW. Protective Effects of Amarogentin against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Molecules. 2017 May 6;22(5):754. doi: 10.3390/molecules22050754. PMID: 28481234; PMCID: PMC6154739. Mukherjee S, Sur A, Maiti BR. Hepatoprotective effect of Swertia chirata on the rat. Indian J Exp Biol. 1997 Apr;35(4):384-8. PMID: 9315240. Vinod Kumar Verma, Khomendra K. Sarwa, Atul Kumar, Md. Kamaruz Zaman, Comparison of hepatoprotective activity of Swertia chirayita and Andrographis paniculata plant of North–East India against CCl4-induced hepatotoxic rats, Journal of Pharmacy Research, Volume 7, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 647-653, ISSN 0974-6943, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr.2013.07.008 Zhang Y, Zhang M, Li H, Zhao H, Wang F, He Q, Zhang T, Wang S. Serum metabonomics study of the hepatoprotective effect of amelogenin on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice by GC-TOF-MS analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2018 Feb 5;149:120-127. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.10.029. Epub 2017 Oct 31. PMID: 29112900. Sharma Bhawna, Sharma Upendra Kumar, Hepatoprotective activity of some indigenous plants, International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN (USA): IJPRIF ISSN : 0974-4304Vol.1, No.4, pp 1330-1334 |
| 11 | Anti-hepatitis B | Zhou NJ, Geng CA, Huang XY, Ma YB, Zhang XM, Wang JL, Chen JJ. Anti-hepatitis B virus active constituents from Swertia chirayita. Fitoterapia. 2015 Jan;100:27-34. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.11.011. Epub 2014 Nov 21. PMID: 25447162. |
| 12 | Anti- ulcerogenic activity | Bajaj S, Wakode S, Kaur A, Fuloria S, Fuloria N. Anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activity of newer phytoisolates of Swertia alata C.B. Clarke. Nat Prod Res. 2021 Dec;35(23):5055-5065. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1775224. Epub 2020 Jun 5. PMID: 32498574. |
| 13 | Antiviral activity | Verma H, Patil PR, Kolhapure RM, Gopalkrishna V. Antiviral activity of the Indian medicinal plant extract Swertia chirata against herpes simplex viruses: a study by in-vitro and molecular approach. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2008 Oct-Dec;26(4):322-6. PMID: 18974483. Woo SY, Win NN, Noe Oo WM, Ngwe H, Ito T, Abe I, Morita H. Viral protein R inhibitors from Swertia chirata of Myanmar. J Biosci Bioeng. 2019 Oct;128(4):445-449. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.04.006. Epub 2019 May 7. PMID: 31076338. Li J, Zhao YL, Huang HY, Wang YZ. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of the Genus Swertia (Gentianaceae): A Review. Am J Chin Med. 2017;45(4):667-736. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X17500380. Epub 2017 May 11. PMID: 28490237. Kar P, Kumar V, Vellingiri B, Sen A, Jaishee N, Anandraj A, Malhotra H, Bhattacharyya S, Mukhopadhyay S, Kinoshita M, Govindasamy V, Roy A, Naidoo D, Subramaniam MD. Anisotine and amarogentin as promising inhibitory candidates against SARS-CoV-2 proteins: a computational investigation. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020 Dec 11:1-11. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1860133. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33305988; PMCID: PMC7808002. |
| 14 | Antianaemic activity | Ashish Turaskar, Sachin More, Rizwan Sheikh, J. Gadhpayle, Dr. S. L. Bhongade, Vikas Shende, Antianaemic Potential of Swertia chirata on Phenylhydrazine Induced Reticulocytosis in Rats ,American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics |
| 15 | Antimicrobial activity | Alam KD, Ali MS, Parvin S, Mahjabeen S, Akbar MA, Ahamed R. In vitro antimicrobial activities of different fractions of Swertia chirata ethanolic extract. Pak J Biol Sci. 2009 Oct 1;12(19):1334-7. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2009.1334.1337. PMID: 20387750. Patel K, Kumar V, Verma A, Rahman M, Patel DK. Amarogentin as Topical Anticancer and Anti-Infective Potential: Scope of Lipid Based Vesicular in its Effective Delivery. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2019;14(1):7-15. doi: 10.2174/1574891X13666180913154355. PMID: 30210007. Devi, R., Nath, T., Boruah, R.R. et al. Antimicrobial activity of bacterial endophytes from Chirata (Swertia chirata Wall.) and Datura (Datura stramonium L.). Egypt J Biol Pest Control 31, 69 (2021). Afzal, A., Aftab, B., Siddique, J., Babar, S., Sohail, A., Yasir, M., & Hanif, S. (2021). PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ANALYSIS OF SWERTIA CHIRAYITA AND ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM PLANT EXTRACTS. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal, 2021(1). https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2021i1.80 |
Marketed Products
| # | AVALAIBLE PRODUCTS | MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS | URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chirayata Churna | Shree Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan Pvt. Ltd | Open Url |
| 2 | Sage Herbals Chirata Capsule | Sage Herbals | Open Url |
| 3 | Willmar Schwabe India Swertia Chirata | Willmar Schwabe India Pvt. Ltd. | Open Url |
| 4 | Giosun Swertia Chirayita | Giosun Healthcare Private Limited | Open Url |
| 5 | Patanjali Divya Chirayta Kwath | Divya | Open Url |
| 6 | Gludip M Tab | KENN PHARMACEUTICALS PVT LTD | Open Url |
| 7 | Herbitars | J & J DeChane Laboratories Pvt Ltd | Open Url |
| 8 | M SONS Herbal daily Chirata | M SONS Herbal daily Limited | Open Url |
| 9 | Hemoplex | J & J DeChane Laboratories Pvt Ltd | Open Url |
| 10 | CHIRETTA POWDER | Planet Ayurveda | Open Url |
| 11 | Diabecon (DS) | Himalaya Wellness company | Open Url |
| 12 | Diabecon | Himalaya Wellness company | Open Url |
| 13 | Skin Authority Beauty Infusion Swertia Chirata for Anti-Aging, | Skin Authority | Open Url |
| 14 | Amalth Swertia Chirata Herbal Extract | Amalth Lifesciences Inc | Open Url |
| 15 | Vadik Herbs Sugar Fight | Vadik Herbs | Open Url |
| 16 | Innoveda Swertia Chirata Herb | Innoveda Herbs Private Limited | Open Url |
| 17 | Kirayat Kadha | Vaidya Patankar Pharmacy Pvt. Ltd. | Open Url |
| 18 | Hamdard Jawarish Jalinus | Hamdard Laboratories India | Open Url |
| 19 | Hamdard Roghan Suranjan | Hamdard Laboratories India | Open Url |
| 20 | Zandu Chirakin | Emami Limited | Open Url |
Traditional Indian Medicinal Formulations
| # | AYURVEDIC FORMULATIONS (TKDL) | UNANI FORMULATIONS (TKDL) | SIDDHA FORMULATIONS (TKDL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kiratatiktkadikshaya | Murr | Nachu Sura Kudineer |
| 2 | Patoladikvatha | Qasab-uz- Zareerah | |
| 3 | Kiratadikvatha | Habb Mujarrab | |
| 4 | Bhunimbadikvatha | Majoon-e- Jaalinoos | |
| 5 | Pathyadishadangakvatha | Majoon-e- Qufa | |
| 6 | Drakshadikvatha | Qurs-e- Qoofiyoon | |
| 7 | Trayamanadikvatha | Raughan Nardin | |
| 8 | Nagaradikvatha | Dawa-ul- Luk Kabeer | |
| 9 | Gudcyadikvatha | ||
| 10 | Dasamuladikvatha | ||
| 11 | Kalingadikada | ||
| 12 | Sathyadikashaya | ||
| 13 | Kiratadikvatha | ||
| 14 | Vasadikvatha | ||
| 15 | Dasamuladikvatha | ||
| 16 | Varunadigana | ||
| 17 | Dvadashangakvatha | ||
| 18 | Varunadiganakvatha |
Market Overview
Global End Use Market
Pharmaceutics, Neutraceuticals, folk uses
Available Global Market
India, Nepal, China ,USA, Netherlands
Global Manufacturer Extract
The Himalaya Drug Company,Zandu Realty Limited,KENN PHARMACEUTICALS PVT LTD
Distribution in IORA Countries
-
Trade Data
Source Supply
Temperate Himalayas
Trade Name
Chiraiyata, Cherrata, Chiraiyata kadva
Annual Consumption (in MT)
Above 100 MT per year
Medicinal Plants Traders from India
| # | ADDRESSES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADERS |
|---|---|
| 1 | Vevus Lipidos Private Limited Sarthy Enclave, 28/3200-H, Cheruparambath Cross Road,kadavanthara Cochin. Kerala, India Ernakulam 682020 Kerala India |
| 2 | Shree Divyanand Herbals (Sd Herbs) 35, Food Processing Park, Jaggakhedi Industrial Area, Mandsaur, 458001, M.P. India |
| 3 | Apara International Uttung Chs., 201/204, D.l.vaidya R Mumbai- 400028, Maharashtra, India |
| 4 | Butterfly Ayurveda Pvt. Ltd, 4th Floor, 401, Global Business Park, Tower B Near Gurudronacharya Metro Station Gurugram 122002 Haryana India |
| 5 | Pooja Naturals 69, Caleco Nagar, Near Devi PharmaBehind Pramel Transport, Narol Sarkhej Road Narolgam Ahmedabad - 382405, Gujarat, India |
| 6 | Balaji Narsingh HerbalsA. B. Road Manipura Kolaras Manipura Kolaras, 108, Shivpuri-473770, Madhya Pradesh, India |
| 7 | Maatitatva Agro Industries Private Limited3 Floor, 304 2/1, South Tukoganj Manav Trade Center, New Palasia, Indore-452001, Madhya Pradesh, India |
| 8 | Bansal BrothersHouse No-61 A, In Front Of Police Lane, Industrial Area, Neemuch-458441, Madhya Pradesh, India |
| 9 | Natural AgencyNH 7 Road, Near Omalur Toll Plaza Nagavali, Salem-636455, Tamil Nadu, India |
| 10 | Herba Vedic Exports14-4-337/1 TO 3, First Floor, Laxmi Towers Joshiwadi, Begum Bazar, Above Patanjali Stores, Hyderabad-500012, Telangana, India |
| 11 | A. R. Herbs01, Raj Colony Railway Station Road, Opp. Krishi Upaj Mandi, Neemuch-458441, Madhya Pradesh, India |
| 12 | Mewar Impex Sl 46, New Indra Nagar, Neemuch-458441, Madhya Pradesh, India |
PATENTS
| # | PATENT TITLE | PATENT/APPLICATION NO. | PATENT OFFICE | SOURCE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Multi-type stem cell activation with nano silver | US 20200108093 A1 | USPTO | Details |
| 2 | Anti-fever botanical composition and uses thereof | US 20130309335 A1 | USPTO | Details |
| 3 | Anti-fever botanical composition and uses thereof | US 20130011501 A1 | USPTO | Details |
| 4 | Anti-fever botanical composition and uses thereof | US20110171330A1 | USPTO | Details |
| 5 | Methods and compositions for rapid in vitro propagation of Swertia chirata | US 20050019920 A1 | USPTO | Details |
| 6 | Methods and compositions for rapid in vitro propagation of Swertia chirata | US7238527B2 | USPTO | Details |
| 7 | Ayurvedic composition for the prophylaxis and treatment of AIDS, flu, TB and other immuno-deficiencies and the process for preparing the same | US5529778A | USPTO | Details |
| 8 | Herbal composition for treatment and management of infectious diseases and method of preparation thereof | US 20190134124 A1 | USPTO | Details |
| 9 | Multi-type stem cell activation with nano silver | US 20200108093 A1 | USPTO | Details |
Adulterant/Substitute
S. angustifolia Buch.-Ham ex D. Don, A. paniculata, S. alata Royle, Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (Acanthaceae) is often sold in the name of Chirayita.
CULTIVARS AND VARIETIES
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SOURCES
| # | Source (Link) |
|---|---|
| 1 | API (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India) Kiratatikta The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 1(1), Department of AYUSH, Government of India, Delhi, India (2011), pp. 98-100 (ISBN 11-901151-3-8) |