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Tragia involucrata L.

BOTANICAL DETAILS OF PLANT

Synonyms

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Classification

Kingdom

Plantae

Subkingdom

Superdivision

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Division

Streptophyta

Class

Equisetopsida

Subclass

Magnoliidae

Order

Malpighiales

Family

Euphorbiaceae

Genus

Tragia

Species

Tragia involucrata

Plant Description

-

Habit/Life Form

--

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES IN INDIA

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Plant Parts Used

-

System of Medicine

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Intended Use

-

Traditional Application


Phytochemical Details

# Phytochemical Constituents PUBCHEM CID References
1 1,1-diethoxy-2-methylpropane 519415 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717
2 16-heptadecenal 557527 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717
3 Hexanal 6184 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717
4 Citronellal 7794 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717
5 Clerodane 182677 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717
6 Ethyl linoleate 5282184 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717
7 Ethyl palmitate 12366 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717
8 Vinyl hexyl ether 21460 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717
9 3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)- 6,7-dimethoxy-2,3- dihydrochromen-4-one 155920399 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717
10 Iridin 5281777 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717
11 Shellsol 8141 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717
12 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 10269 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717
13 Caryophyllene 5281515 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717
14 Erythritol 222285 Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717

Pharmacological Details

# PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS/THERAPEUTIC USES REFERENCES
1 Antibacterial Activity

Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717                                                             

 Gobalakrishnan, R., et al. "Screening of wild plant species for antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of Tragia involucrata L." Journal of pharmaceutical analysis 3.6 (2013): 460-465.                                                                                                                         

Samy, Ramar Perumal, et al. "Purification of antibacterial agents from Tragia involucrata–a popular tribal medicine for wound healing." Journal of ethnopharmacology 107.1 (2006): 99-106.                                         

Pallie, Mumtaz S., et al. "Ethnopharmacological Use and Biological Activities of Tragia involucrata L." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (2020): 1-17.  


Samy, R. Perumal, S. Ignacimuthu, and A. Sen. "Screening of 34 Indian medicinal plants for antibacterial properties." Journal of ethnopharmacology 62.2 (1998): 173-181.                                                


Danagoudar, Ananda, et al. "Antimicrobial and larvicidal potential of endophytic fungi isolated from Tragia involucrata Linn." Ann. Plant Sci 6 (2017): 1494-1498.                                                                                                     

Thomas, Toji. "Antibacterial behaviour of root extracts of Tragia involucrata L. in gradient extraction." International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research 7.11 (2016): 419-422.                                         

Samy, R. Perumal, Mohan Sarumathi, and Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu. "Antibacterial screening of Tragia involucrata L.(Euphorbiaceae)–a tribal used medicinal plant." Novel compounds from Natural products in the New Millennium Potential and Challenges. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Singapore, 2004. 112-122.                                                                  

Mothana, Ramzi AA, et al. "Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities and phytochemical screening of some yemeni medicinal plants." Evidence-based Complementary and alternative medicine 7 (2010): 323-330.                                                        

Reddy, Bonam Srinivasa, et al. "Phytochemical, pharmacological and biological profiles of Tragia species (family: Euphorbiaceae)." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 14.3 (2017): 105-112.                                        

Kamran, Urooj, et al. "Biogenic synthesis, characterization and investigation of photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity of manganese nanoparticles synthesized from Cinnamomum verum bark extract." Journal of Molecular Structure 1179 (2019): 532-539.
2 Anticancer Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                                          
 Chanda, Sumitra, and Krunal Nagani. "In vitro and in vivo methods for anticancer activity evaluation and some Indian medicinal plants possessing anticancer properties: an overview." Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry 2.2 (2013): 140-152.                                                                                         

Danagoudar, Ananda, et al. "Antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plant Tragia involucrata L."  2018, Pharmacognosy Research 10.2    

 Manoharan, Sowmya Priya, et al. "Tra gia plukenetii-Assisted Omega-Decenol as Potential Anticancer Agent: its Isolation, Characterization, and Validation." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 195.3 (2023): 1699-1722.
                                                      
Menon, Madhuri, and Leyon Varghese. "Evaluation of the phytochemical constituents and tumor reduction potentials of Tragia involucrata Linn." Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology 11.4 (2023): 84-91.                                                           

Pallie, Mumtaz S., et al. "Ethnopharmacological Use and Biological Activities of Tragia involucrata L." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (2020): 1-17.  

Ndossi, Barakaeli, and Mhuji Kilonzo. "Brine shrimp lethality assay of selected medicinal plants in tanzania." Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research 5.3 (2018): 1-6 

Patil, Maheshkumar Prakash, and Gun-Do Kim. "Eco-friendly approach for nanoparticles synthesis and mechanism behind antibacterial activity of silver and anticancer activity of gold nanoparticles." Applied microbiology and biotechnology 101 (2017): 79-92.      
                                                                                               
 VK, Kalaichelvan. "Tragia involucrata Leaf-Mediated ZnO NPs: Biomedical Applications, Ointment Formulation and Electrochemical Studies." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 195.6 (2023): 3764-3786.                                                       
Tan, Aaron C., et al. "An ethnopharmacological approach to the preliminary screening of native Australian herbal medicines for anticancer activity." Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 12.3 (2015): 245-249.     
                                                             
 Rahman, Md Mahbubur, et al. "Unfolding the apoptotic mechanism of antioxidant enriched-leaves of Tabebuia pallida (lindl.) miers in EAC cells and mouse model." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021): 114297.                                                                

 Kumar, Suneel, et al. "Bioactive molecules of endophytic fungi and their potential in anticancer drug development." Current Pharmacology Reports 7 (2021): 27-41.
3 Antidiabetic Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                                  
Pallie, Mumtaz S., et al. "Ethnopharmacological Use and Biological Activities of Tragia involucrata L." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (2020): 1-17.                                          

 Pallie, Mumtaz, et al. "Efficacy and safety of freeze-dried form of Tragia involucrata L. decoction in treating diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial." Clinical Trials in Degenerative Diseases 5.3 (2020): 31.                                                                                            

Farook, S. Mohamed, and W. Clement Atlee. "Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential of Tragia involucrata Linn. In streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type II diabetic rats." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3.4 (2011): 103-109.                                                                                         

Kar, Ajit, B. K. Choudhary, and N. G. Bandyopadhyay. "Comparative evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of some Indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats." Journal of ethnopharmacology 84.1 (2003): 105-108.  
4 AntifungalActivity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                           
Gobalakrishnan, R., et al. "Screening of wild plant species for antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of Tragia involucrata L." Journal of pharmaceutical analysis 3.6 (2013): 460-465.                                                                                                             
 Sahaya Sathish, S., et al. "Antimicrobial and phytochemical screening of Tragia involucrata L. using UV-Vis and FTIR." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Bioscience 1.1 (2013): 82.                                                                                                   
Pallie, Mumtaz S., et al. "Ethnopharmacological Use and Biological Activities of Tragia involucrata L." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (2020): 1-17. 
                                                
Chung, Ill-Min, et al. "Inhibition behavior of Tragia involucrata L. phenolic compounds against acidic medium corrosion in low carbon steel surface." Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 27.3 (2019): 717-725.                                                                                                               
Mothana, Ramzi AA, et al. "Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities and phytochemical screening of some yemeni medicinal plants." Evidence-based Complementary and alternative medicine 7 (2010): 323-330.     
                                                                                         
Samy, R. Perumal, Mohan Sarumathi, and Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu. "Antibacterial screening of Tragia involucrata L.(Euphorbiaceae)–a tribal used medicinal plant." Novel compounds from Natural products in the New Millennium Potential and Challenges. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Singapore, 2004. 112-122.                                                                                                   

 Gupta, Sanjay Mohan, et al. "Bioactive potential of Indian stinging plants leaf extract against pathogenic fungi." Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 16.1 (2018): 20170125.                                                                                         
 Reddy, Bonam Srinivasa, et al. "Phytochemical, pharmacological and biological profiles of Tragia species (family: Euphorbiaceae)." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 14.3 (2017): 105-112.
5 Antiurolithiatic Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                                    
Velu, Vinodhini, et al. "Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti-urolithiatic activity of silver nanoparticles containing aqueous leaf extract of Tragia involucrata." Drug delivery and translational research 7 (2017): 439-449.                                                                      

Anand, Dheepa, R. Chandrasekar, and B. Sivagami. "A critical review on antiurolithiatic activity of bioactive phytoconstituents." Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 13.2 (2021): 95-100.                                                                                                       
C T, Sulaiman, et al. "Phytochemical characterization and evaluation of Antiurolithiatic activity of selected source plants of Pashanabheda." Clinical Phytoscience 8.1 (2022): 1-9.      
                                           
Sharun¹, Khan, et al. "Potential Herbs for the Management of Urolithiasis in Veterinary Medicine-A Mini Review." Indian Vet. J 98.06 (2021): 09-16.                                                   
                                     
 Ravi Kiran, Chilivery, et al. "Intrinsic evaluation of antiurolithiatic capacity of argemone mexicana L. In wistar albino rats." Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 27.3 (2021): 289-304.  

Rajeshkumar, Shanmugam, et al. "Antibacterial and antioxidant potential of biosynthesized copper nanoparticles mediated through Cissus arnotiana plant extract." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 197 (2019): 111531.                                                                                     

Salem, Paula PO, et al. "Anti-urolithiatic and anti-inflammatory activities through a different mechanism of actions of Cissus gongylodes corroborated its ethnopharmacological historic." Journal of ethnopharmacology 253 (2020): 112655.                                   

Velidandi, A., et al. "A review on synthesis, applications, toxicity, risk assessment and limitations of plant extracts synthesized silver nanoparticles." NanoWorld J 6.3 (2020): 35-60.                                        Modi, D. C., et al. "Phytopharmacology of moringa oleifera—an edible plant." Pharmacologyonlin 2 (2010): 692-705.                        

  Ly, Hai Trieu, et al. "Diuretic efficacy and prophylactic effects of hydroethanolic extract from Musa balbisiana fruits against urolithiasis." Advances in Traditional Medicine 22.4 (2022): 823-836.
6 Radioprotective Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                                  
Thimmaiah, Nivya Machettira, et al. "Mitigation of Radiation‑Induced Oxidative Stress by Methanolic Extract of Tragia involucrata in Swiss Albino Mice."  (2019).Pharmacognosy Research 11.3.                                                                                                                  
 Suo, Keke, et al. "Radioprotective effect of radiation-induced Lactococcus lactis cell-free extract against 60Coγ injury in mice." Journal of Dairy Science 104.9 (2021): 9532-9542.               
                        
  Kumar, Amith, et al. "Radiation mitigating activities of Psidium guajava L. against whole-body X-ray-induced damages in albino Wistar rat model." 3 Biotech 10.12 (2020): 507.     
                                    
 Soliman, Aiten M., et al. "Radiomodulatory effect of a non-electrophilic NQO1 inducer identified in a screen of new 6, 8-diiodoquinazolin-4 (3H)-ones carrying a sulfonamide moiety." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 200 (2020): 112467.  

  Hassan, Md Musfizur, et al. "Anti-inflammatory activity, total flavonoids and tannin content from the ethanolic extract of Ageratum conyzoides linn. Leaf." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research 1.5 (2017): 234-241. 
7 Immunomodulatory Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                                  
 Parameswaran, Sathiyarajeswaran, et al. "Evaluation of in-vitro immunomodulatory activity and thrombolytic potential of Kabasura kudineer (KSK): An official siddha polyherbal formulation." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 55 (2021): 774-81. 

 Behera, Jyotirmaya, et al. "miRNA-15/IL-10Rα axis promotes Kabasura Kudineer (Indian traditional Siddha formulation) induced immunomodulation by suppressing oxidative stress." Journal of ethnopharmacology 305 (2023): 116032.                                                              

Mekala, P., and TR Gopala Krishna Murthy. "Phytochemical screening and pharmacological update on Kabasura Kudineer choornam and Nilavembu Kudineer Choornam." Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 9.3 (2020): 1031-1036.                                 

Sudha, R. "Chapter-3 A Review on Immunomodulatory Effect of Medicinal Herbs and Kabasura Kudineer." MEDICINAL (2021): 41.   Kabilan, Shanmugampillai J., et al. "Therapeutic efficacy of polyherbal formulation kabasura kudineer against common viral fevers-a perspective review." Anti-Infective Agents 20.5 (2022): 63-80.
8 Hepatoprotective Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                                           
 Pallie, Mumtaz S., et al. "Ethnopharmacological Use and Biological Activities of Tragia involucrata L." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (2020): 1-17.   
                                       
  Rahmatullah, Mohammed, et al. "Survey and scientific evaluation of medicinal plants used by the Pahan and Teli tribal communities of Natore district, Bangladesh." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 9.3 (2012): 366-373.

Rahmatullah, Mohammed, et al. "Ethnomedicinal practices among a minority group of Christians residing in Mirzapur village of Dinajpur District, Bangladesh." Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences 4.1 (2010): 45-51.  
                                                                                                   
Madagundi, Smita D., et al. "Evaluation of endophytic fractions of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. roots for hepatoprotective activity in rats." BLDE University Journal of Health Sciences 1.2 (2016): 113.                                  
Hegde, Harsha V., and SAVALIRAM G. GHANE. "Biomolecules and Pharmacology of Alangium salviifolium (LF) Wangerin (Family: Cornaceae)." Bioactives and Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants: Volume 2 (2022): 29.  
9 Antimalarial activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                                               
Reddy, Bonam Srinivasa, et al. "Phytochemical, pharmacological and biological profiles of Tragia species (family: Euphorbiaceae)." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 14.3 (2017): 105-112.                                                                                                    

Oladosu, I. A., S. O. Balogun, and G. O. Ademowo. "Phytochemical screening, antimalarial and histopathological studies of Allophylus africanus and Tragia benthamii." Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 11.4 (2013): 371-376.                                                                                                     

Nagendra, M., and S. Mohanraghupathy. "Effect of natural mosquito repellent activity of Sticks of Tragia involucrata leaves." World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 5.7 (2016): 1106-1114. 
  
Rahmatullah, Mohammed, et al. "Ethnomedicinal practices among a minority group of Christians residing in Mirzapur village of Dinajpur District, Bangladesh." Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences 4.1 (2010): 45-51.                                                                                                        

Noronha, Monica, et al. "A literature review on traditional herbal medicines for malaria." South African Journal of Botany 128 (2020): 292-303.                                                                                               

Balogun, O. S., I. A. Oladosu, and Zhiqiang Liu. "Isolation of 2, 5-dithia-3, 6-diazabicyclo [2.2. 1] heptane and GC-MS analysis of silylated extract from Tragia benthamii." Ife Journal of Science 22.2 (2020): 075-080.      
                                                                             
 Kumar, Koppala Narayana Sunil, et al. "Pharmacological actions of contents of kabasura kudineer-a siddha formulation for fever with respiratory illness." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 55.1 (2021): 36-55. 

Duraipandiyan, Veeramuthu, et al. "Bioefficacy of flindersine against Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, Spodoptera litura Fabricius, Anopheles stephensis Liston. and Culex quinquefasciatus Say." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 58 (2015): 595-604.  
10 Larvicidal Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                       
Bhattacharya, Kuntal, and Goutam Chandra. "Phagodeterrence, larvicidal and oviposition deterrence activity of Tragia involucrata L.(Euphorbiaceae) root extractives against vector of lymphatic filariasis Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 4 (2014): S226-S232.                
               
  Ganasekar, Ramar, Jeyasankar Alagarmalai, and J. Alagarmalai. "Phytochemical constituents and larvicidal activity of Tragia involucrata Linn.(Euphorbiacea) leaf extracts against chikungunya vector, Aedes aegypti (Linn.)(Diptera: Culicidae)." Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 4.1 (2016): 53-55.                                       
                  
  Danagoudar, Ananda, et al. "Antimicrobial and larvicidal potential of endophytic fungi isolated from Tragia involucrata Linn." Ann. Plant Sci 6 (2017): 1494-1498.   
                                                                            
Sathiyanathan, M., and K. M. Umarajan. "Larvicidal activity of endophytic fungi isolated from selected medicinal plants on Aedes aegypti." Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 8.2 (2019): 247-253.                                                                                
Danagoudar, Ananda, et al. "Characterization, cytotoxic and antioxidant potential of silver nanoparticles biosynthesised using endophytic fungus (Penicillium citrinum CGJ-C1)." Materials Today Communications 25 (2020): 101385.                                             
        
Bhattacharya, K., and G. Phagodeterrence Chandra. "Larvicidal and Oviposition Deterrence Activity of Tragia involucrata L.(Euphorbiaceae) Root Extractives against Vector of Lymphatic Filariasis Culex Quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)." Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis 4 (2014): S226-S232.
11 Nephroprotective Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.   

Pallie, Mumtaz S., et al. "Ethnopharmacological Use and Biological Activities of Tragia involucrata L." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (2020): 1-17.                                                                       
Velu, Vinodhini, et al. "Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti-urolithiatic activity of silver nanoparticles containing aqueous leaf extract of Tragia involucrata." Drug delivery and translational research 7 (2017): 439-449.                                                 

  Yadav, Sangilimuthu Alagar, et al. "Screening and assessment of molecular mechanistic actions of 5-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-2-one against free radicals, lung cancer cell line (A549), and binding properties on bovine serum albumin." Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 7.1 (2021): 1-11.
12 Diuretic Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                                       
  Pallie, Mumtaz S., et al. "Ethnopharmacological Use and Biological Activities of Tragia involucrata L." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (2020): 1-17.

Kumarasinghe, K. M. N., and Arawwawala LDAM. "Tragia spp: Assessment of Diuretic Activity and Standardization of the Whole Plant." American Journal of Ethnomedicine 4.1 (2017): 5.  
Reddy, Bonam Srinivasa, et al. "Phytochemical, pharmacological and biological profiles of Tragia species (family: Euphorbiaceae)." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 14.3 (2017): 105-112.   
                               
 Welu, Gebrelibanos Gebremichael, et al. "In Vivo diuretic activity of hydromethanolic extract and solvent fractions of the root Bark of Clerodendrum myricoides Hochst.(Lamiaceae)." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (2020): 1-9.
13 Antiepileptic Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                                    
Pallie, Mumtaz S., et al. "Ethnopharmacological Use and Biological Activities of Tragia involucrata L." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (2020): 1-17.   

  Thimmaiah, Nivya Machettira, et al. "Mitigation of Radiation‑Induced Oxidative Stress by Methanolic Extract of Tragia involucrata in Swiss Albino Mice."2019.  Pharmacognosy Research 11.3.                                                                             
Velu, Vinodhini, et al. "Identification of Phytoconstituents of Tragia Involucrata leaf Extracts and Evaluate their Correlation with Anti-inflammatory & Antioxidant Properties." Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergy Agents) 20.3 (2021): 308-315.  
                                                                                                                   
Sharma, Jyotsana, et al. "Ethnomedicinal plants used for treating epilepsy by indigenous communities of sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150.1 (2013): 353-370.                                                                                                                           
Joseph, Jeenu, Lincy Joseph, and M. Georg. "Antiepileptic activity of some medicinal plants of solanaceae family-a review." ÍEJ. PR 5.8 (2016): 353-367.                                                                                                                
 Lal, Shalini, and Baskey Neeraj. "A survey of some medicinally important plants of the Euphorbiaceae family used by the Santhal tribes of Santhal Pargana." Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge (IJTK) 18.3 (2019): 610-614.                                                                             

Rahman, Mohammad Mijanur, and Md Asaduzzaman Khan. "Anti-cancer potential of South Asian plants." Natural Products and Bioprospecting 3 (2013): 74-88.
14 Antispasmodic Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                   
 Reddy, Bonam Srinivasa, et al. "Phytochemical, pharmacological and biological profiles of Tragia species (family: Euphorbiaceae)." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 14.3 (2017): 105-112.     
                                                                                  
 Kumar, Koppala Narayana Sunil, et al. "Pharmacological actions of contents of kabasura kudineer-a siddha formulation for fever with respiratory illness." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 55.1 (2021): 36-55.               
                                                               
Kumar, Koppala Narayana Sunil, et al. "Pharmacological actions of contents of kabasura kudineer-a siddha formulation for fever with respiratory illness." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 55.1 (2021): 36-55.            
                                                      
Rajkumar, M. H., A. N. Sringeswara, and M. D. Rajanna. "Ex-situ conservation of medicinal plants at university of agricultural sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka." 2011,  Recent Research in Science and Technology 3.4.           
                                                                         
Kabilan, Shanmugampillai J., et al. "Therapeutic efficacy of polyherbal formulation kabasura kudineer against common viral fevers-a perspective review." Anti-Infective Agents 20.5 (2022): 63-80.                                                                                                                      
Rahman, Mohammad Mijanur, and Md Asaduzzaman Khan. "Anti-cancer potential of South Asian plants." Natural Products and Bioprospecting 3 (2013): 74-88.                                                               
15 CNS Depressant Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                                        
Dhara, A. K., S. Pal, and A. K. Nag Chaudhuri. "Psychopharmacological studies on Tragia involucrata root extract." Phytotherapy Research 16.4 (2002): 326-330.                                                 

Reddy, Bonam Srinivasa, et al. "Phytochemical, pharmacological and biological profiles of Tragia species (family: Euphorbiaceae)." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 14.3 (2017): 105-112.                                                                                       

Pallie, Mumtaz S., et al. "Ethnopharmacological Use and Biological Activities of Tragia involucrata L." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (2020): 1-17.                                                  Sharma, Jyotsana, et al. "Ethnomedicinal plants used for treating epilepsy by indigenous communities of sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150.1 (2013): 353-370.                                                                                                              
Joseph, Jeenu, Lincy Joseph, and M. Georg. "Antiepileptic activity of some medicinal plants of solanaceae family-a review." ÍEJ. PR 5.8 (2016): 353-367.
                                                                                                  
Das, Sreedam Chandra, et al. "Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic root extract of Swertia chirata (Gentianaceae)." Jordan J Biol Sci 5.1 (2012): 31-36.                                        

Khanum, Farhath, and Sakina Razack. "Anxiety–Herbal treatment: A review." Res Rev biomed biotech 1.2 (2010): 83-89.                      
                          
Hasan, Mohammed Shamim, et al. "Evaluation of anxiolytic and hypoglycemic potential of Cissus adnata Roxb. in animal model." Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 17.2 (2019): 20180130.
16 Antiasthmatic Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                            
Yadav, Sangilimuthu Alagar, et al. "Antihistamine from Tragia involucrata L. leaves." Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 12.3 (2015): 217-226.                                                                      

Alagar Yadav, Sangilimuthu, et al. "Antihistamine from Tragia involucrata L. leaves." Journal of complementary and integrative medicine 12.3 (2015): 217-226.                                                      
             
 Reddy, Bonam Srinivasa, et al. "Phytochemical, pharmacological and biological profiles of Tragia species (family: Euphorbiaceae)." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 14.3 (2017): 105-112.                                                                                       

 Bouabdallah, Salwa, et al. "Important Antihistaminic Plants and Their Potential Role in Health." Phytochemical Drug Discovery for Central Nervous System Disorders: Biochemistry and Therapeutic Effects (2023): 385-396.      
                                                                              
Kabilan, Shanmugampillai J., et al. "Therapeutic efficacy of polyherbal formulation kabasura kudineer against common viral fevers-a perspective review." Anti-Infective Agents 20.5 (2022): 63-80.                                                                                                                        
Kumar, Koppala Narayana Sunil, et al. "Pharmacological actions of contents of kabasura kudineer-a siddha formulation for fever with respiratory illness." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 55.1 (2021): 36-55.                                                                      

Mubaraki, Murad A., et al. "Antimicrobial, Antiasthmatic and Cytotoxic Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Green Method Using Zingiber officinale Extract." Crystals 13.2 (2023): 333. 
17 Antipyretic Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                                  
 Mekala, P., and TR Gopala Krishna Murthy. "Phytochemical screening and pharmacological update on Kabasura Kudineer choornam and Nilavembu Kudineer Choornam." Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 9.3 (2020): 1031-1036.   

 Dhara, A. K., S. Pal, and A. K. Nag Chaudhuri. "Psychopharmacological studies on Tragia involucrata root extract." Phytotherapy Research 16.4 (2002): 326-330.     
                                           
 Mekala, P., and TR Gopala Krishna Murthy. "Phytochemical screening and pharmacological update on Kabasura Kudineer choornam and Nilavembu Kudineer Choornam." Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 9.3 (2020): 1031-1036. 

 Kumar, Koppala Narayana Sunil, et al. "Pharmacological actions of contents of kabasura kudineer-a siddha formulation for fever with respiratory illness." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 55.1 (2021): 36-55.                                                                   

Rahmatullah, Mohammed, et al. "Survey and scientific evaluation of medicinal plants used by the Pahan and Teli tribal communities of Natore district, Bangladesh." African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 9.3 (2012): 366-373. 

 Jan, Shumaila, and Muhammad Rashid Khan. "Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Kickxia ramosissima." Journal of ethnopharmacology 182 (2016): 90-100.                                                                                                 
 Ahmed, Shahriar, et al. "In vivo and in vitro pharmacological activities of Tacca integrifolia rhizome and investigation of possible lead compounds against breast cancer through in silico approaches." Clinical Phytoscience 5.1 (2019): 1-13.
18 Analgesic Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                                   
Samy, R. Perumal, et al. "Wound healing potential of Tragia involucrata extract in rats." Fitoterapia 77.4 (2006): 300-302.     Yadav, Sangilimuthu Alagar, et al. "Antihistamine from Tragia involucrata L. leaves." Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine 12.3 (2015): 217-226.  
19 Sedative Activity Duarte-Casar, R.; Romero-Benavides, J.C. Tragia L. Genus: Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemical Composition andBiological Activity. Plants 2021, 10, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122717.                                              
Balakrishnan, Praveen, et al. "Review of unique ophthalmic formulations in Vaidya Manorama: A traditional Kerala Ayurveda literature." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 13.2 (2022): 100576.                                                                                  
 Raghunathan, M. "Therapeutic Plants used by the native villagers of Northeast Kerala part of western Ghats." European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical research 4.11 (2017): 602-609.  

Kumar, Vinod, et al. "Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf root on experimental animals." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2.3 (2010): 213-215.  

 Dhara, A. K., S. Pal, and A. K. Nag Chaudhuri. "Psychopharmacological studies on Tragia involucrata root extract." Phytotherapy Research 16.4 (2002): 326-330.                                            

 Islam, Md Shofiqul, et al. "Methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of Tragia involucrata L. leaves exhibit anxiolytic, sedative and analgesic activity in Swiss albino mice." Heliyon 7.1 (2021).

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