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Digitalis purpurea
BOTANICAL DETAILS OF PLANT
Synonyms
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Classification
Kingdom
Plantae
Subkingdom
Superdivision
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Division
Streptophyta
Class
Equisetopsida
Subclass
Magnoliidae
Order
Lamiales
Family
Plantaginaceae
Genus
Digitalis
Species
Digitalis purpurea
Plant Description
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Habit/Life Form
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DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES IN INDIA
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Plant Parts Used
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System of Medicine
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Intended Use
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Traditional Application
Phytochemical Details
| # | Phytochemical Constituents | PUBCHEM CID | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Digitoxin | 441207 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 2 | Digoxin | 2724385 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 3 | Gitoxin | 91540 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 4 | Gitaloxin | 10440404 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 5 | Purpurea Glycoside A | 197989 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 6 | Purpurea Glycoside B | 197988 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 7 | Glucodigitoxigenin | 15558776 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 8 | Stropeside | 289842 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 9 | Plantainoside | 9986606 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 10 | Verodoxin | 76960910 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 11 | Digitalinum Verum | 3035155 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 12 | Glucoevatromonoside | 15137997 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 13 | Glucogitaloxin | 101927054 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 14 | Glucogitoroside | 86574038 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 15 | Gluco-Verodoxin | 3083927 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 16 | Digitolutein | 160475 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 17 | Calceolarioside A | 5273566 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 18 | Purpnin | 13986757 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 19 | Calceolarioside B | 5273567 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 20 | Purpureaside A | 5281788 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 21 | Purpureaside B | 468636809 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 22 | Digicitrin | 10071564 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
| 23 | F-gitonin | 44559009 | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. |
Pharmacological Details
| # | PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS/THERAPEUTIC USES | REFERENCES |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cardiovascular activity | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. Navarro, E., et al. "Cardiovascular activity of a methanolic extract of Digitalis purpurea spp. heywoodii." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71.3 (2000): 437-442. Henderson, Francis G., and K. K. Chen. "Cardiac activity of newer digitalis glycosides and aglycones." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 5.5 (1962): 988-995. Reddy, B. Anil. "Digitalis therapy in patients with congestive heart failure." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 3.2 (2010): 90-95. Altaf, Rabia, et al. "Sources and possible mechanisms of action of important phytoconstituents with cardiovascular properties." African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 6.9 (2012): 563-580. Farah, Alfred E., and Adawia A. Alousi. "New cardiotonic agents: a search for digitalis substitute." Life sciences 22.13-15 (1978): 1139-1147. Jograna, M. B., D. S. Patil, and S. V. Kotwal. "Digitalis species a potent herbal drug: A review on their pharmacognosy and pharmacological activities." Journal of Current Pharma Research 10.4 (2020): 3821-3831. Cutler, SJ and Cutler, H. G. "Natural cardiovascular agents." Journal of Modern Pharmacy 6.7 (1999): 34. Shadkami, Farzad, and A. Daniel Jones. "Nontargeted profiling of specialized metabolites of Digitalis purpurea with a focus on cardiac glycosides." Emerging Trends in Dietary Components for Preventing and Combating Disease. American Chemical Society, 2012. 185-205. Mota, Ana H. "A review of medicinal plants used in therapy of cardiovascular diseases." Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res 8 (2016): 572-591. |
| 2 | Hepatoprotective activity | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. Lee, J. Y., E. Woo, and K. W. Kang. "Screening of new chemopreventive compounds from Digitalis purpurea." Die Pharmazie-An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 61.4 (2006): 356-358. MİSHRA, Rakhi, Binit DWİVEDİ, and Deepshikha GUPTA. "Determination of Digitoxin by Highperformance thin layer chromatography in Digitalis purpurea." ACTA Pharmaceutica Sciencia 60.4. Harahap, Urip, et al. "Hepatoprotective activity from ethanol extract of pugun tan Pan, Jing, et al. "Pharmacological activities and mechanisms of natural phenylpropanoid glycosides." Die Pharmazie-An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 58.11 (2003): 767-775. Gadhvi, Rekha, et al. "Antihypertensive efficacy of Lippia nodiflora-whole plant on uninephrectomized doca-salt hypertensive rats." IOSR J Pharm 2.6 (2012): 24-28. Pandey, Ashok K., and Y. C. Tripathi. "Ethnobotany and its relevance in contemporary research." J Med Plants Stud 5.3 (2017): 123-9. Hasan, Md Mehedi, et al. "UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap/MS based chemical fingerprinting and hepatoprotective potential of a medicinal plant, Morinda angustifolia Roxb." South African Journal of Botany 148 (2022): 561-572. Attaelmanan, Atta Gaffar, and Mohammed Alfarouk Kawam. "Determining the elemental composition of Calotropis procera using X‐ray Analytical Microscopy." X‐Ray Spectrometry 41.5 (2012): 284-287. Al-Snafi, Ali Esmail. "Anticancer effects of Arabian medicinal plants (part 1)-A review." IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 7.4 (2017): 63-102. Dey, Priyankar. "The pharmaco-toxicological conundrum of oleander: potential role of gut microbiome." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 129 (2020): 110422. Luo, Wei, et al. "Recent research progress of Cirsium medicinal plants in China." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 280 (2021): 114475. Sękara, Agnieszka, et al. "Krzysztof Kluk's ‘Dykcyonarz roślinny’as an example of phytotherapeutical science development in 18th century Poland: A contribution to European heritage." Journal of Herbal Medicine 9 (2017): 14-20. |
| 3 | Antidiabetic activity | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. Jograna, M. B., D. S. Patil, and S. V. Kotwal. "Digitalis species a potent herbal drug: A review on their pharmacognosy and pharmacological activities." Journal of Current Pharma Research 10.4 (2020): 3821-3831. Natarajan, Venkatesan, A. Anton Smith, and B. A. Vishwanath. "Antidiabetic activity of phenolic compounds from Dregea volubilis [Benth] leaves in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats." Global J. Pharmacol. 14.1 (2020): 1-7. Shahriar, K. R., et al. "A new cyclohexanone derivative from the leaves of Bridelia stipularis." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 57 (2021): 455-458. Saravanamuttu, Sivani, and D. Sudarsanam. "Antidiabetic plants and their active ingredients: A review." Int J Pharm Sci Res 3.10 (2012): 3639. Sholikhah, Eti Nurwening. "Indonesian medicinal plants as sources of secondary metabolites for pharmaceutical industry." J Med Sci 48.4 (2016): 226-239. |
| 4 | Insecticidal activity | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. Ahmad, Mansoor, Farah Saeed, and Noor Jahan. "Evaluation of insecticidal and anti-oxidant activity of selected medicinal plants." Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2.3 (2013): 153-158. Jograna, M. B., D. S. Patil, and S. V. Kotwal. "Digitalis species a potent herbal drug: A review on their pharmacognosy and pharmacological activities." Journal of Current Pharma Research 10.4 (2020): 3821-3831. Krol, Doris Van Der, et al. "Metabolism of [ring‐2, 6‐14] parathion in plant cell suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), soybean, thorn apple (Datura stramonium) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Pesticide science 45.2 (1995): 143-152. Sandhu, S., and Diva Gupta. "Role of endophytic fungi in preservation of plant biodiversity." International Journal of advances in Pharmacy, Biology and Chemistry 4.3 (2015): 635-647. |
| 5 | Antioxidant activity | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. Rehman Nengroo, Zubair, and Abdul Rauf. "Inula racemosa and Digitalis purpurea from Kashmir: Fatty acid composition, antioxidant, antibacterial activities, and functional group evaluation." Flavour and fragrance journal 35.6 (2020): 653-665. Jin, Qinglong, et al. "Phenylethanoid Glycosides from Digitalis purpurea L." Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 32.5 (2011): 1721-1724. Lee, J. Y., E. Woo, and K. W. Kang. "Screening of new chemopreventive compounds from Digitalis purpurea." Die Pharmazie-An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 61.4 (2006): 356-358. Jograna, M. B., D. S. Patil, and S. V. Kotwal. "Digitalis species a potent herbal drug: A review on their pharmacognosy and pharmacological activities." Journal of Current Pharma Research 10.4 (2020): 3821-3831. Lee, Seung-Eun, et al. "Investigation on antioxidant activity in plant resources." Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science 16.5 (2008): 356-370. Colla, Guilherme, et al. "Antioxidant, allelopathic and toxic activity of Ochna serrulata." Lat. Am. J. Pharm 30.4 (2011): 809-13. Mota, Ana H. "A review of medicinal plants used in therapy of cardiovascular diseases." Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res 8 (2016): 572-591. Gu, Liwei, and Xinchu Weng. "Antioxidant activity and components of Salvia plebeia R. Br.—a Chinese herb." Food Chemistry 73.3 (2001): 299-305. |
| 6 | Cytotoxic activity | Zahid,Hina, and Ghazala H. Rizwani. "Digitalis purpurea L.: A concise drug review with probable clinical uses." Hamdard Medicus 59.2 (2016): 25-32. López-Lázaro, Miguel, et al. "Anti-tumour activity of Digitalis purpurea L. subsp. heywoodii." Planta medica 69.08 (2003): 701-704. Kuroda, Minpei, et al. "New cardenolide glycosides from the seeds of Digitalis purpurea and their cytotoxic activity." Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 77.6 (2013): 1186-1192. Kutluay, Vahap Murat, and İclal Saraçoğlu. "Cytotoxic effect of some Digitalis species; A study of selectivity." FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 43.1 (2018): 25-29. Lindholm, Petra, et al. "Selective cytotoxicity evaluation in anticancer drug screening of fractionated plant extracts." Journal of biomolecular screening 7.4 (2002): 333-340. Kutluay, Vahap Murat, et al. "Cytotoxic phenylethanoid glycosides from Digitalis davisiana Heywood: Evaluation of structure activity relationships and chemotaxonomical significance of isolated compounds." Fitoterapia 135 (2019): 90-98. |
| 7 | wound healing activity | Jan, Uzma, et al. "A review on therapeutic potential of Digitalis purpura L. in perspective of Unani medicine." Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 13.4 (2024): 296-299. |
| 8 | Antinflammatory Activity | 동임사. A mechanism study on the regulation of inflammatory skin disease using the Colla corii asini extracts, compounds isolated from Digitalis purpurea and ramalin-synthetic derivative compounds. Diss. 조선대학교 대학원, 2023. Bansal, Yashika, et al. "Integrated GC-MS and UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis of in vitro raised tissues of Digitalis purpurea L." Frontiers in Plant Science 15 (2024): 1433634. Ramesh, U. "Toxicity Analysis of Cardio Protective Homeopathy Drugs Aconitum napellus and Digitalis purpurea using Zebrafish Embryo." Choi, Doo-Youn, et al. "Chrysoeriol potently inhibits the induction of nitric oxide synthase by blocking AP-1 activation." Journal of Biomedical Science 12 (2005): 949-959. Pandey, Ashok K., and Y. C. Tripathi. "Ethnobotany and its relevance in contemporary research." Journal of medicinal plants studies 5.3 (2017): 123-129. Wurtele, Eve Syrkin, et al. "Medicinal plants: a public resource for metabolomics and hypothesis development." Metabolites 2.4 (2012): 1031-1059. |
| 9 | Anticonvulsant Activity | Lemberger, Louis. "Potential therapeutic usefulness of marijuana." Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology 20.1 (1980): 151-172. Singh, Luwangshangbam James, Dawan Arkini Challam, and Bidyarani Devi Senjam. "Medicinal plants as a source of terpenoids and their impact on central nervous system disorders: a review." J Phytopharmacol 12 (2023): 104. Shah, Vibhakar Jayantilal. Synthesis of cannabidiol stereoisomers and analogs as potential anticonvulsant agents. The University of Arizona, 1988. Rieder, Michael. "New ways to detect adverse drug reactions in pediatrics." Pediatric Clinics 59.5 (2012): 1071-1092. Albert-Puleo, Michael. "Mythobotany, pharmacology, and chemistry of thujone-containing plants and derivatives." Economic Botany 32.1 (1978): 65-74. |
| 10 | Antiarthritic Activity | Singh, Vandana S., et al. "Antiarthritic Potential of Calotropis procera leaf fractions in FCA-induced arthritic rats: Involvement of cellular inflammatory mediators and other biomarkers." Agriculture 11.1 (2021): 68. Suryawanshi, Jayprakash S. Phytochemical Investigation and Antiarthritic Activity of Seeds of Celastrus Paniculatus Willd. MS thesis. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (India), 2005. Dutta, Siddhartha, et al. "Reverse pharmacology: A science redefining drug discovery." European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6 (2019): 245-9. Sultana, Nighat, and Zafar Saeed Saify. "Naturally occurring and synthetic agents as potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulants." Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergy Agents) 11.1 (2012): 3-19. Patil, Ravindra H., Mohini P. Patil, and Vijay L. Maheshwari. "Traditional Knowledge, Ethnomedicinal Importance and Practical Uses of Apocynaceae Members." Apocynaceae Plants: Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Bioactivity and Biotechnological Advances. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. 13-21. |
| 11 | Antibacterial Activity | Rehman Nengroo, Zubair, and Abdul Rauf. "Inula racemosa and Digitalis purpurea from Kashmir: Fatty acid composition, antioxidant, antibacterial activities, and functional group evaluation." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 35.6 (2020): 653-665. Vishnuvarthanan, M., and N. Rajeswari. "Plant mediated greener approach for synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Digitalis purpurea plant and its antibacterial activity." International Journal of Nanoparticles 9.3 (2017): 166-179. Ayoubinejad, Leili, Hamid Nazari, and Ali Mohammadi Sani. "Study of Antibacterial and Synergistic Effect of Digitalis nervusa Extract and Ciprofloxacin on Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Food Microbiology 3.1 (2016): 25-31. Zeybek, Zuhal, Nihal Dogruoz, and Ali Karagoz. "Antibacterial activity of some plant extracts." European Journal of Biology 67.1 (2008): 17-21. Katanić, Jelena, et al. "Novel perspectives on two Digitalis species: Phenolic profile, bioactivity, enzyme inhibition, and toxicological evaluation." South African Journal of Botany 109 (2017): 50-57. |
Market Overview
Global End Use Market
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Available Global Market
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Global Manufacturer Extract
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Distribution in IORA Countries
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Trade Data
Source Supply
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Trade Name
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Annual Consumption (in MT)
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PATENTS
| # | PATENT TITLE | PATENT/APPLICATION NO. | PATENT OFFICE | SOURCE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Process of making glucosides from digitalis purpurea | US2068027A | USPTO | Details |
| 2 | RODENTICIDE | US2022159972A1 | USPTO | Details |
| 3 | A Liquid Medicine for Internal Use. | GB191026716A | UK | Details |
| 4 | Improvement in the preparation of a cardio-active glycoside | GB668413A | UK | Details |
| 5 | igitoxin-gitaloxin mixed crystallisates and a process for their preparation | GB913864A | UK | Details |
| 6 | HERBAL EXTRACTION AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS | EP3390613A1 | EPO | Details |
| 7 | Improvements in or relating to methods of producing dry extracts of fresh herbs | GB980134A | UK | Details |
| 8 | Preparation method of stevia rebaudiana leaf and digitalis purpurea leaf tea powder | CN107518114A | CNIPA | Details |
| 9 | A process for the manufacture of cardio-active materials from the glucosides of digitalis and scilla | GB405890A | UK | Details |
| 10 | METHOD OF OBTAINING DIGITONIN | GEP20135895B | EPO | Details |