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Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br.

BOTANICAL DETAILS OF PLANT

Synonyms

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Classification

Kingdom

Plantae

Subkingdom

Tracheobionta

Superdivision

Spermatophyta

Division

Magnoliophyta

Class

Magnoliopsida

Subclass

Asteridae

Order

Gentianales

Family

Asclepiadaceae

Genus

Calotropis

Species

Calotropis gigantea

Plant Description

-

Habit/Life Form

--

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES IN INDIA

-

Plant Parts Used

-

System of Medicine

-

Intended Use

-

Traditional Application


Phytochemical Details

# Phytochemical Constituents PUBCHEM CID References
1 Uscharin 11261800 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
2 Gigantin 4696 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
3 Coroglaucigenin 12302399 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
4 Cardenolides 53957771 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
5 Frugoside 120728 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
6 Gigantol 3085362 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
7 Taraxasteryl Acetate 13889352 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
8 Akhdariol 181708 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
9 Uscharidin 441874 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
10 Calactin 441849 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
11 Calotoxin 30101 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
12 Calotropagenin 14134976 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
13 Proceroside 101618772 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
14 Syriogenin 11870470 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
15 Uzarigenin 92760 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.
16 Voruscharin 44387915 Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.

Pharmacological Details

# PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS/THERAPEUTIC USES REFERENCES
1 Anti- Asthmatic Activity

Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.                                                                                                           

Mushir, Ansari, Nasreen Jahan, and Aziz Ahmed. "A review on phytochemical and biological properties of Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R. Br." Discovery Phytomedicine 3.3 (2016): 15.                                                                                        

Jaliwala, Y. A., et al. "Pharmacological evaluation of anti-tussive, anti-asthmatic and expectorant activities of Calotropis gigantea R. Br. in experimental animals." Journal of Pharmacy Research 4.10 (2011): 3383-3385.                 

Kadiyala, Madhuri, S. Ponnusankar, and Kannan Elango. "Calotropis gigantiea (L.) R. Br (Apocynaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review." Journal of ethnopharmacology 150.1 (2013): 32-50.                                            

Sharma, Meenakshi, Anil Kumar Delta, and Prashant Kaushik. "Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Calotropis gigantea—An update." Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IJBB) 59.6 (2022): 611-618.                                 

Kumar, Deepak, and Suresh Kumar. "Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand-A review update." Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology 3.3 (2015): 218.                                                                                                                      

Singh, Suchita, Sanchita Singh, and Ajai Prakash Singh. "Phytochemical investigation of different plant parts of Calotropis gigantea." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 3.9 (2013): 1-3.                    

 Kumar, Harish, Sunil Sharma, and Neeru Vasudeva. "Pharmacological profile of Calotropis gigantea in various diseases: A profound look." Int J Creat Res Thoughts 9 (2021): 2987-96.              

Biswasroy, Prativa, et al. "Pharmacological investigation of Calotropis gigantea: A benevolent herb of Nature." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 13.1 (2020): 461-467.                                                                             

Mandal, Subhajit. "Calotropis gigantea: A brief Study on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 13.1 (2023): 34-40.                                                                                                                       

Bulani, Vipin D., et al. "Anti-anaphylactic and mast cell stabilizing effect of Calotropis gigantea extract." Lat. Am. J. Pharm 30.2 (2011): 363-7.       Merzaia, Aicha Blama, et al. "A review of toxicity, therapeutic and biological activities of Calotropis." IJCBS 112017 (2017): 58-64.                                        

 Adam, Ibrahim Abdurrahman, and Tuhami Elzein Hagr. "GC-MS Analysis of Chemical Constituents from Chloroform Extracts of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br (Asclepiadaceae) Roots Collected in Sudan." Open Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry 4 (2019): 20.
2 Analgesic and Antinociceptive activity Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.                                                                                                                       
Obese, Ernest, et al. "Antinociceptive effect of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br.(Apocynaceae): Possible involvement of glutamatergic, cytokines, opioidergic and adenosinergic pathways." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021): 114261.                          

 Soares, Paula Matias, et al. "Antinociceptive activity of Calotropis procera latex in mice." Journal of ethnopharmacology 99.1 (2005): 125-129.          

 Haque, Md Megbahul, et al. "Evaluation of antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive properties of leaves of Calotropis gigantea R. Br.(Asclepiadaceae)–a medicinal plant of Bangladesh." Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences 6.8 (2012): 1508-1514. 
                                                         
 Silva, Márcia Calheiros Chaves, et al. "Therapeutic and biological activities of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 3.4 (2010): 332-336.                                                                                                            
 Meena, Ajay K., et al. "A review on Calotropis procera Linn and its ethnobotany, phytochemical, pharmacological profile." Drug Invent Today 2.2 (2010): 185-190.                                                                                                               
Saba, A. B., P. C. Oguntoke, and O. A. Oridupa. "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Calotropis procera." African Journal of Biomedical Research 14.3 (2011): 203-208.                                           
Das, Amitav, et al. "Analgesic and antidiarrheal properties of the latex of Calotropis Procera." Int J Pharm Bio Arch 2 (2011): 521-5.                             

 Oloumi, Hakimeh. "Phytochemistry and ethno-pharmaceutics of Calotropis procera." Ethno-Pharmaceutical Products 1.2 (2014): 1-8.                         

 Maithani, Alok, et al. "Phyto-pharmacological review of Calotropis procera–A natures drug house in tropical countries." Journal of Medicinal Herbs, 10.4 (2019): 155-166.                                                                                           
 Quazi, Shoaib, et al. "Calotropis procera: An overview of its phytochemistry and pharmacology." Indian Journal of Drugs 1.2 (2013): 63-69.                     

 Ranjit, Pusapati Madan, et al. "An overview of phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Calotropis procera." Fs J Pharm Res 1.2 (2012): 18-25.                                                                                                                                   
Juncker, Tom, et al. "UNBS1450 from Calotropis procera as a regulator of signaling pathways involved in proliferation and cell death." Biochemical Pharmacology 78.1 (2009): 1-10.                                                                                                                           
Sharma, Rohit, et al. "Therapeutic potential of Calotropis procera: A giant milkweed." ISOR J Pharm Bio Sci 4.2 (2012): 42-57.  
                         
Fernandes, Heliana B., et al. "Laticifer proteins from Plumeria pudica inhibit the inflammatory and nociceptive responses by decreasing the action of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines." Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 25 (2015): 269-277.
3 Antifertility activity Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.                                                                                                                             
Silva, Márcia Calheiros Chaves, et al. "Therapeutic and biological activities of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 3.4 (2010): 332-336.                                                                                                        
 Kadiyala, Madhuri, S. Ponnusankar, and Kannan Elango. "Calotropis gigantiea (L.) R. Br (Apocynaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review." Journal of ethnopharmacology 150.1 (2013): 32-50.                           
Kumari, Isha, and Gitika Chaudhary. "Calotropis procera (Arka): A tribal herb of utmost significance." International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 8.3 (2021): 44-54.                                                        
Sharma, Nidhi, and Dennis Jacob. "Inhibition of fertility and functional alteration in the genital organs of male Swiss albino mouse after administration of Calotropis procera flower extract." Pharmaceutical biology 39.6 (2001): 403-407.   
                                                                                           
Paul, Amandeep, and Antul Kumar. "Review on pharmocological properties of Aaka (Calotropis procera)." International Journal of Economic Plants 5.3 (2018): 157-162.                                                                                                                     
Ranjit, Pusapati Madan, et al. "An overview of phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Calotropis procera." Fs J Pharm Res 1.2 (2012): 18-25.                                                                                                                               
Magalhães, Hemerson IF, et al. "In vitro and in vivo antiproliferative activity of Calotropis procera stem extracts." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 82 (2010): 407-416.                                                                                             
 Quazi, Shoaib, et al. "Calotropis procera: An overview of its phytochemistry and pharmacology." Indian Journal of Drugs 1.2 (2013): 63-69.                   

 Meena, Ajay K., et al. "A review on Calotropis procera Linn and its ethnobotany, phytochemical, pharmacological profile." Drug Invent Today 2.2 (2010): 185-190.                                                                                                        
 Tiwari, Dilip Kumar, and Neeraj Upmanyu. "Phytochemical and Pharmacological activity of Wonder Shrub: Calotropis gigantia." Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 12.2 (2020): 106-110.
4 Anti-inflammatory activity Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.                                                                                                                    
 Alencar, Nylane Maria Nunes, et al. "Pro-and anti-inflammatory activities of the latex from Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. are triggered by compounds fractionated by dialysis." Inflammation Research 55 (2006): 559-564.         

 Kumar, V. L., and N. Basu. "Anti-inflammatory activity of the latex of Calotropis procera." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 44.2 (1994): 123-125.    

 Silva, Márcia Calheiros Chaves, et al. "Therapeutic and biological activities of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 3.4 (2010): 332-336.                                                                                                           
Mushir, Ansari, Nasreen Jahan, and Aziz Ahmed. "A review on phytochemical and biological properties of Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R. Br." Discovery Phytomedicine 3.3 (2016): 15.   
                                                    
Mascolo, N., et al. "Ethnopharmacology of Calotropis procera flowers." Journal of ethnopharmacology 22.2 (1988): 211-221.                                      

Sivapalan, Sreewardhini, et al. "Phytochemical analysis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity of Calotropis gigantea and its therapeutic applications." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 303 (2023): 115963.                                            
Ranjit, Pusapati Madan, et al. "An overview of phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Calotropis procera." Fs J Pharm Res 1.2 (2012): 18-25.                                                                                                                                       
Tour, Nagesh, and Gokul Talele. "Anti-inflammatory and gastromucosal protective effects of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) stem bark." Journal of natural medicines 65 (2011): 598-605.                                                    
Saba, A. B., P. C. Oguntoke, and O. A. Oridupa. "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Calotropis procera." African Journal of Biomedical Research 14.3 (2011): 203-208.                                      
Ramos, Márcio V., et al. "Anti-inflammatory latex proteins of the medicinal plant Calotropis procera: a promising alternative for oral mucositis treatment." Inflammation Research 69 (2020): 951-966.                                  
Viana, Carolina Araújo, et al. "Cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines and anti-inflammatory properties of chitinases from Calotropis procera latex." Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 390 (2017): 1005-1013.     

Abdel-Mageed, Wael M., et al. "Lipoxygenase inhibitors from the latex of Calotropis procera." Archives of Pharmacal Research (2016): 1-9.                                                

Joshi, Ramesh, Anshul Sharma, and Bhanwar Lal Jat. "Analysis of antioxidant activity in extracts of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br." Journal of Applied Biosciences 17 (2009): 899-903.
5 Anthelmintic activity Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.                                                                                                                      
Iqbal, Zafar, et al. "Anthelmintic activity of Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. F. flowers in sheep." Journal of ethnopharmacology 102.2 (2005): 256-261.       

 Mushir, Ansari, Nasreen Jahan, and Aziz Ahmed. "A review on phytochemical and biological properties of Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R. Br." Discovery Phytomedicine 3.3 (2016): 15.                                                                   
Ranjit, Pusapati Madan, et al. "An overview of phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Calotropis procera." Fs J Pharm Res 1.2 (2012): 18-25.                                                                                                                                              
 Aggarwal, Rama, et al. "Anthelmintic potential of Calotropis procera, Azadirachta indica and Punica granatum against Gastrothylax indicus." Journal of Parasitic Diseases 40 (2016): 1230-1238.                                                
Bairagi, Shripad M., Prashant Ghule, and Ritu Gilhotra. "Farmacología de productos naturales: un enfoque reciente en Calotropis gigantean y Calotropis procera." Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet) 59.1 (2018): 37-44.       
 Singh, K. P. "Phytochemical and pharmacognostical activities of Calotropis procera." Medicinal Plants-International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries 6.2 (2014): 81-86.                                                                   
 Cavalcante, Géssica Soares, et al. "Chemical constituents of Calotropis procera latex and ultrastructural effects on Haemonchus contortus." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 29 (2020): e001320.                              
 Paul, Amandeep, and Antul Kumar. "Review on pharmocological properties of Aaka (Calotropis procera)." International Journal of Economic Plants 5.3 (2018): 157-162.  Quazi, Shoaib, et al. "Calotropis procera: An overview of its phytochemistry and pharmacology." Indian Journal of Drugs 1.2 (2013): 63-69.                                 

Seif el-Din, Sayed H., et al. "Potential effect of the medicinal plants Calotropis procera. Ficus elastica and Zingiber officinale against Schistosoma mansoni in mice." Pharmaceutical Biology 52.2 (2014): 144-150.       
  Ishnava, Kalpesh B., et al. "Antibacterial and phytochemical studies on Calotropis gigantia (L.) R. Br. latex against selected cariogenic bacteria." Saudi journal of biological sciences 19.1 (2012): 87-91.
6 Anticancer activity Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.                                                                                                                       
Silva, Márcia Calheiros Chaves, et al. "Therapeutic and biological activities of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 3.4 (2010): 332-336.                                                                                                                
Zheng, Zhiyuan, et al. "Non-classical cardenolides from Calotropis gigantea exhibit anticancer effect as HIF-1 inhibitors." Bioorganic Chemistry 109 (2021): 104740.                                                                                                                       
Habib, M. Rowshahul. "Evaluation of antitumour activity of Calotropis gigantea L. root bark against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice." Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine 4.10 (2011): 786-790.                            

Mishra, Pratibha, Khushwant Singh Yadav, and Purnima Shrivastava. "An updated Review on Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activity and Medicinal uses of Calotropis gigantea R. Br." Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 9.2 (2017): 135-138.                                                                          

 Mutiah, Roihatul, Alpionita Marsyah, and Azian Firman Saputra. "Phytochemical and pharmacology effect of Calotropis gigantea as anti-cancer therapy: systematic review." (2021): 42-48.                                           
Oliveira, Jefferson S., et al. "In vivo growth inhibition of sarcoma 180 by latex proteins from Calotropis procera." Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 382 (2010): 139-149.                                                                         
 Patel, Hitesh Vashrambhai, Jatin D. Patel, and Bhautik Patel. "Comparative efficacy of phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera." Int J Life Sci Biotechnol Pharm Res 5.2 (2014): 107-13. 
                                                              
Habib, Muhammad Rowshanul, Muhammad Abdul Aziz, and Muhammad Rezaul Karim. "Inhibition of Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma by ethyl acetate extract from the flower of Calotropis gigantea L. in mice." Journal of Applied Biomedicine 8.1 (2010): 47-54.
7 Anti-diarrheal activity Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.                                                                                                                    
 Chitme, Havagiray R., Ramesh Chandra, and Sadhna Kaushik. "Studies on anti-diarrhoeal activity of Calotropis gigantea R. Br. in experimental animals." J Pharm Pharm Sci 7.1 (2004): 70-5.                                                       
 Rahman, Muhammed Mahfuzur, et al. "Evaluation of membrane stabilizing, cytotoxic and anti-diarrheal activities of leaves of Calotropis Gigantea R. BR." World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2015): 2364-2367.        

  Mishra, Pratibha, Khushwant Singh Yadav, and Purnima Shrivastava. "An updated Review on Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activity and Medicinal uses of Calotropis gigantea R. Br." Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 9.2 (2017): 135-138.   
                                                                
Umarkar, Arvind R., et al. "Calotropis procera (AIT):-A Phytopharmacological Review." Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 3.6 (2011): 256-260.                                                                                                                     
Joseph, Baby, et al. "Pharmacological and biological overview on Calotropis gigantean: A comprehensive review." International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences 3.5 (2013): 219-223.                                  
Singh, Namrata, et al. "Calotropis gigantea: A Review on its phytochemical & pharmacological profile." Int. J. of Pharmacognosy 1 (2014): 1-8.             

Gyawali, Rajendra, et al. "Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Salix alba Linn. and Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand." Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Arch 4 (2013): 873-877.                                                                                                    
 Kumar, Harish, Sunil Sharma, and Neeru Vasudeva. "Pharmacological profile of Calotropis gigantea in various diseases: A profound look." Int J Creat Res Thoughts 9 (2021): 2987-96.                                                                                        
Merzaia, Aicha Blama, et al. "A review of toxicity, therapeutic and biological activities of Calotropis." IJCBS 112017 (2017): 58-64. 
8 Antimicrobial activity Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.                                                                                                          
Mainasara, M. M., et al. "Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br.(Sodom Apple) fruit and bark extracts." International Journal of Modern Botany 1.1 (2011): 8-11.                                          
Han, Hye-Lin, et al. "Antifungal activity of α-helical propeptide SnuCalCpI15 derived from Calotropis procera R. Br. against food spoilage yeasts." Food Control 133 (2022): 108628.                                                                                                 
 Bilal, Hayat, et al. "Biological evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Calotropis procera against a range of bacteria." Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 9.1 (2020): 31-35.                                                                   
  Mainasara, M. M., et al. "Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of root and leaf extracts of Calotropis procera." Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 20.1 (2012): 1-6.                                                                     
Mohamed, Nadia Hussein, et al. "Antimicrobial activity of latex silver nanoparticles using Calotropis procera." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 4.11 (2014): 876-883.                                                                                 
Doshi, Hiren, et al. "Phytochemical screening and biological activity of Calotropis Procera (Ait). R. Br.(Asclepiadaceae) against selected bacteria and Anopheles stephansi Larvae." Proteins 3.15 (2011): 22.                          
Mushir, Ansari, Nasreen Jahan, and Aziz Ahmed. "A review on phytochemical and biological properties of Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R. Br." Discovery Phytomedicine 3.3 (2016): 15.                                                        
Nenaah, Gomah. "Antimicrobial activity of Calotropis procera Ait.(Asclepiadaceae) and isolation of four flavonoid glycosides as the active constituents." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 29 (2013): 1255-1262.
                                                                                                                        
Alhazmi, Hassan A., et al. "GC-MS analysis and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. leaves." Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 10.1 (2018): 45-49.                         
Nenaah, E. G., and M. Essam Ahmed. "Antimicrobial activity of extracts and latex of Calotropis procera (Ait.) and synergistic effect with reference antimicrobials." Research Journal of Medicinal Plant 5.6 (2011): 706-716. 
                                                                                              
Pattnaik, Pratap Keshari, et al. "Chemometric profile & antimicrobial activities of leaf extract of Calotropis procera and Calotropis gigantea." Natural product research 31.16 (2017): 1954-1957.
9 Wound healing activity Kumar, P. Suresh, E. Suresh, and S. Kalavathy. "Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br." Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy 2.2 (2013): 135-143.                                                                                               
Deshmukh, Pradeep T., et al. "Wound healing activity of Calotropis gigantea root bark in rats." Journal of ethnopharmacology 125.1 (2009): 178-181.                                                                                                                  
Nalwaya, Narendra, et al. "Wound healing activity of latex of Calotropis gigantea." Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 1.1 (2009): 176-181.                               

Sarkar, S., R. Chakraverty, and A. Ghosh. "Calotropis Gigantea Linn.-a complete busket of Indian traditional medicine." Int. J. Pharm. Res. Sci 2.1 (2014): 7-17.                                                                                                     
  Ranjit, Pusapati Madan, et al. "An overview of phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Calotropis procera." Fs J Pharm Res 1.2 (2012): 18-25. 
                                                                                                         
Saratha, V., S. Subramanian, and S. Sivakumar. "Evaluation of wound healing potential of Calotropis gigantea latex studied on excision wounds in experimental rats." Medicinal chemistry research 19 (2010): 936-947.
                                                                                                                 
Negi, Divya, and Ajay Singh Bisht. "A review on brief study of Calotropis gigantea Linn." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11.5 (2021): 224-228.                                                                                                              
Singh, Suchita, Sanchita Singh, and Ajai Prakash Singh. "Phytochemical investigation of different plant parts of Calotropis gigantea." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 3.9 (2013): 1-3.                                                                                                                       
Haque, Md Megbahul, et al. "Evaluation of antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive properties of leaves of Calotropis gigantea R. Br.(Asclepiadaceae)–a medicinal plant of Bangladesh." Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences 6.8 (2012): 1508-1514.                               

Rathod, N. R., et al. "Free radical scavenging activity of Calotropis gigantea on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences 71.6 (2009): 615.   
                                               
 Mishra, Tankadhara, Bibhuti Bhusana Panigrahi, and Manoj Kumar Pani. "Pharmacognostic Invesitigation, Phytochemical Analysis And Standadisation Of Antimicrobial Herbal Cream Of Calotropis Gigantea (L.) R. Br. Leaves." Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results (2022): 10457-10467.
10 Antioxidant Activity Kumar, Gaurav, Loganathan Karthik, and Kokati Venkat Bhaskara Rao. "A review on pharmacological and phytochemical profile of Calotropis gigantea Linn." Pharmacologyonline 1 (2011): 1-8.                                                   
Chavda, R., K. R. Vadalia, and R. L. Gokani. "Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of root bark of Calotropis procera R. Br (Asclepediaceae)." IJP-International Journal of Pharmacology 6.6 (2010): 937-943.                                                                                                                                       
  Joshi, Ramesh, Anshul Sharma, and Bhanwar Lal Jat. "Analysis of antioxidant activity in extracts of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br." Journal of Applied Biosciences 17 (2009): 899-903.
                                               
Patel, Hitesh Vashrambhai, Jatin D. Patel, and Bhautik Patel. "Comparative efficacy of phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera." Int J Life Sci Biotechnol Pharm Res 5.2 (2014): 107-13.   
                                              
Silva, Márcia Calheiros Chaves, et al. "Therapeutic and biological activities of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 3.4 (2010): 332-336.                                                     

Sivapalan, Sreewardhini, et al. "Phytochemical analysis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity of Calotropis gigantea and its therapeutic applications." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 303 (2023): 115963.                                            
 Mushir, Ansari, Nasreen Jahan, and Aziz Ahmed. "A review on phytochemical and biological properties of Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R. Br." Discovery Phytomedicine 3.3 (2016): 15.       

Kenganora, Mruthunjaya, et al. "Antioxidant Potential of a Toxic Plant Calotropis procera R. Br." Free Radicals and Antioxidants 7.2 (2017): 143-151. 

Rathod, N. R., et al. "Free radical scavenging activity of Calotropis gigantea on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences 71.6 (2009): 615.                                                                                           
 Gyawali, Rajendra, et al. "α-amylase inhibition, antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 10.1 (2020): 77-81.
                                       
Shetty, VARSHA G., MEENAKSHI G. Patil, and AMBIKA S. Dound. "Evaluation of phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br. Leaves." Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 7.4 (2015): 316-9.                          
Rahman, Md Shafikur, Naznin Nahar Moly, and Md Jahid Hossen. "Antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of the exudate of calotropis gigantea." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 4.2 (2013): 745. 
11 Anti-Pyretic Activity Kumar, Gaurav, Loganathan Karthik, and Kokati Venkat Bhaskara Rao. "A review on pharmacological and phytochemical profile of Calotropis gigantea Linn." Pharmacologyonline 1 (2011): 1-8.                                           
Sarkar, S., R. Chakraverty, and A. Ghosh. "Calotropis Gigantea Linn.-a complete busket of Indian traditional medicine." Int. J. Pharm. Res. Sci 2.1 (2014): 7-17.                                                                                                         
Ahmed, KK Mueen, A. C. Rana, and V. K. Dixit. "Calotropis Species (Ascelpediaceace)-A Comprehensive Review." Pharmacognosy magazine 1.2 (2005): 48-52.                                                                                                     
Kumar, Gaurav, Loganathan Karthik, and Kokati Venkat Bhaskara Rao. "A review on pharmacological and phytochemical profile of Calotropis gigantea Linn." Pharmacologyonline 1 (2011): 1-8. 
                           
Wadekar, Jyoti B., et al. "Anticoagulant activity of Calotropis gigantea leaves." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 9.9 (2016): 1493-1495.                                                                                                                        
Singh, Namrata, et al. "Calotropis gigantea: A Review on its phytochemical & pharmacological profile." Int. J. of Pharmacognosy 1 (2014): 1-8.  
                                                                                                        
Gyawali, Rajendra, et al. "α-amylase inhibition, antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 10.1 (2020): 77-81. 
                                             
Imosemi, Innocent O. "Evaluation of the toxicity, medicinal use and pharmacological actions of Calotropis procera." Ejpmr 3.9 (2016): 28-36.      

Sharma, Shalini, Amita Kumari, and Mamta Sharma. "Comparative GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds in methanolic extract of Calotropis gigantea (L) WT Aiton leaf and latex." International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 8.11 (2016): 1823-1827.  
12 CNS Activity Kumar, Gaurav, Loganathan Karthik, and Kokati Venkat Bhaskara Rao. "A review on pharmacological and phytochemical profile of Calotropis gigantea Linn." Pharmacologyonline 1 (2011): 1-8.                                      
Argal, Ameeta, and Anupam Kumar Pathak. "CNS activity of Calotropis gigantea roots." Journal of ethnopharmacology 106.1 (2006): 142-145. 

Singh, Namrata, et al. "Calotropis gigantea: A Review on its phytochemical & pharmacological profile." Int. J. of Pharmacognosy 1 (2014): 1-8. 
                                                                                                           
Kumar, Gaurav, Loganathan Karthik, and KV Bhaskara Rao. "Antimicrobial activity of latex of Calotropis gigantea against pathogenic microorganisms-an in vitro study." Pharmacologyonline 3.3 (2010): 155-163.                                                                                                                             
Argal, Ameeta, and Abhishek Dwivedi. "Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Calotropis gigantea R. Br. flowers." Ethnobotanical leaflets 2010.4 (2010): 6. 
                                                                                                 
Patial, B., S. Thakur, and S. Ul Islam. "Ayush and Kumar A. A Review on Biological Activities of Indian Traditional Medicinal Plant: Calotropis Gigantea." J Biomed Allied Res 4.2 (2022): 1-13. 
                                          
Rathod, Nanu, et al. "Prevention of high-fructose diet induced insulin resistance by Nyctanthes arbortristis and Calotropis gigantea in rats." Pharmacognosy magazine 5.19 (2009): 58.                                                      
Kumar, Harish, Sunil Sharma, and Neeru Vasudeva. "Pharmacological profile of Calotropis gigantea in various diseases: A profound look." Int J Creat Res Thoughts 9 (2021): 2987-96.                                                          
Sharma, Priyanka, and Gajanand Modi. "In vitro assessment of Antibacterial activity of Calotropis gigantea." International Journal of Current Research in Life Sciences 7.06 (2018): 2347-2350. 
                         
Habib, M. Rowshahul. "Evaluation of antitumour activity of Calotropis gigantea L. root bark against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice." Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine 4.10 (2011): 786-790. 
13 Hepatoprotective Activity Kumar, Gaurav, Loganathan Karthik, and Kokati Venkat Bhaskara Rao. "A review on pharmacological and phytochemical profile of Calotropis gigantea Linn." Pharmacologyonline 1 (2011): 1-8.                                                               
Argal, Ameeta, and Abhishek Dwivedi. "Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Calotropis gigantea R. Br. flowers." Ethnobotanical leaflets 2010.4 (2010): 6.                                                                                                                     
 Usmani, S. H. A. Z. I. A., and P. O. O. N. A. M. Kushwaha. "Hepatoprotective activity of extracts of leaves of Calotropis gigantea." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 3.3 (2010): 195-196.                      
Deshmukh, Pradeep, et al. "Hepatoprotective activity of Calotropis gigantea root bark experimental liver damage induced by D-galactosamine in rats." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology (IJPSN) 1.3 (2008): 281-286. 
                                                                                 
Manivannan, E., et al. "Effect of Calotropis procera Linn against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats." Int J Res Pharm Biomed Sci 2 (2011): 701-3.  

 Sarkar, S., R. Chakraverty, and A. Ghosh. "Calotropis Gigantea Linn.-a complete busket of Indian traditional medicine." Int. J. Pharm. Res. Sci 2.1 (2014): 7-17.                                                                                                         
Punia, Gaurav. "A Review on Varieties Of Arka-Calotropis Procera (Aiton) Dryand. And Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand." Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine 2.5 (2013): 392.                            
Kumar, Gaurav, Loganathan Karthik, and Kokati Venkat Bhaskara Rao. "A review on pharmacological and phytochemical profile of Calotropis gigantea Linn." Pharmacologyonline 1 (2011): 1-8. 

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